Political Science Class 12 Chapter 4 Question Answers | Contemporary India: Challenges to Peace, Stability and National Integration
1. [A] Complete the following statements by selecting the appropriate option.
Q:1.The article had granted a ‘special status to Jammu and Kashmir.
[a] 352
[b] 360
[c] 370
[d] 110
Solutions:
[c] 370
Q:2.Left-wing Extremism originated in 1967 in
[a] Nagaland
[b] Jharkhand
[c] Gadchiroli
[d] Naxalbari
Solutions:
[d] Naxalbari
[B] Identify the incorrect pair in every set and correct it.
Q:1.
[a] Naxalism - Red Corridor
[b] CPI [Maoist] - Uri attacks
[c] Assam - Sons-of-soil movement
Solutions:
[b] Jaish-e-Mohammed - Uri attacks
Q:2.
[a] Boko Haram - Ireland
[b] LTTE - Sri Lanka
[c] ETA - Spain
Solutions:
[a] Boko Haram - Nigeria
OR
IRA - Ireland
[C] Complete the following statements by using appropriate reason.
Q:1.The left wing extemists prevent execution and implementation of developmental work, because ……………..
[i] they are against government.
[ii] the opposition parties ask them to do so.
[iii] they want to show that the government structure at field level is ineffective.
Solutions:
[ii] the opposition parties ask them to do so.
Q:2.In 1990’s Kashmiri Pandits migrated from Kashmir valley, because …………………..
[i] they weren’t from Kashmir.
[ii] there was growth in Islamic militancy.
[iii] there were no job opportunities for them.
Solutions:
[i] they weren’t from Kashmir.
2. [A] Find the odd word.
Q:1. Terrorism, Naxalism, Nationalism, Extremism.
Solutions:
Nationalism [not a violent activity]
[B] State the appropriate concept for the given statements.
Q:1.Threat use violence with an intention to create panic in the society.
Solutions:
Terrorism
Q:2.Involvement of people in decision making process of State.
Solutions:
Good Governance
3. [A] Complete the concept maps.
Q:1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 4 Contemporary India Challenges to Peace, Stability and National Integration 1
Solutions:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 4 Contemporary India Challenges to Peace, Stability and National Integration 2
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 4 Contemporary India: Challenges to Peace, Stability and National Integration
[B] State whether the following statements are true or false with reason.
Q:1.Democracy is required to establish national integration and social transformation.
Solutions:
This statement is True.
- Democracy and national integration are complementary, since the core of the structural aspect of national consolidation is the democratic system of governance.
- Participation of diverse socio-cultural groups in the process of governance is possible only through a representative democratic system. Democracy helps in political participation and social transformation by removing ethnic, caste and gender inequality.
Q:2.National movement in India played an important role in national integration.
Solutions:
This statement is True.
- The national freedom movement extended across the length and breadth of the country and involved people of different religions, regions and cultures.
- It played a vital role in bringing Indians together emotionally and politically into a nation and integrating them in a common frame work of political identity and loyalty.
- Maharashtra Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 4 Contemporary India: Challenges to Peace, Stability and National Integration
4. Explain the correlation between the following.
Q:1.National Unity and Regional Aspirations
Solutions:
- National Unity is possible when citizens of that State exhibit psychological oneness, solidarity and shared values. It is not homogeneity but a form of ethnic, religious and linguistic acceptance.
- Regional aspirations occur in forms like demand for separate States, language issues, etc., Regional aspirations have their roots in historical/linguistic/cultural issues or may be a product of regional political outfits.
- Sometimes, regional aspirations may even become secessionist as in case of Khalistan movement. India has tried to reconcile regional aspirations with national unity by creating a federation with a strong centre, creating of smaller States as well as the linguistic reorganisation of States.
5. Express your opinion of the following.
Q:1.Peace and stability are necessary for the nation’s progress.
Solutions:
- Peace, stability and public order are necessary for nation’s progress and good life of citizens. An unruly society will lead to violence, loss of life, destruction of property, economic and political instability.
- Conflict resolution is linked to maintenance of law, order and peace. In the absence of order and stability, divisive tendencies will prevail, infrastructure will be targeted, investments will be discouraged thus becoming a barrier to economic growth.
- At a basic level, political stability is ensured using constitutional machinery and socio-economic development. In case of any problem occurring, the State tries to resolve it peacefully. In case the issue escalates or becomes violent, the State may employ force if necessary.
6. Answer the following Q:in 80 to 100 words.
Q:1.What is Left Wing Extremism in India?
Solutions:
Left Wing Extremism [also called Maoist movement or Naxalism] has major support base among landless labourers, dalits and tribals who experience a sense of oppression, injustice and neglect. The first attempt to promote a peasant struggle was the Telangana Movement [1946-51]. The Naxal Movement originated in 1967 in Naxalbari [West Bengal] led by Kanu Sanyal and writings of Charu Majumdar.
Since 1980s the movement has taken a militant turn. In 2004 CPI [M-L], People’s War Group [PWG] and Maoist Communist Centre [MCC] of India merged to form CPI [Maoist] which aims to overthrow the government, Naxal activities aim to destroy public property and attack police and officials. The Red Corridor of naxal activities extends across States like Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, etc.
Some of their broad tactics are as follows:
Use of propaganda slogans
Establishment of mass movements
Mobilisation of women, tribals and minorities into the revolution
Mobilisation of urban population on mass issues
Develop appropriate forms of military organisation
Q:2.Explain cross border terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir.
Solutions:
The India Independence Act [1947] provided that princely States [562 existed then] could decide to join either Pakistan or remain independent. Maharaja Hari Singh of the Dogra dynasty delayed such a decision. In 1947, Kashmir’s population was 77% Muslim and 20% Hindu. The problem in
the region began when Pakistan sent Pashtun tribal raiders in October 1947 to force Hari Singh to join Pakistan. However, the Maharaja appealed to India for help and signed the Instrument of Accession making the State as a part of India.
The Government of India sent troops to the region to drive away the infiltrators. This led to the first India-Pakistan conflict [1947-48]. In 1965, Pakistan attacked India but the local Kashmiri population did not support Pakistan. In 1965, Amanullah Khan created the Plebiscite Front in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir. It’s militant wing i.e., National Liberation Front carried out sabotage activities in Jammu and Kashmir.
In 1977, the Plebiscite Front was renamed Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front [JKLF]. Similarly, Pakistan lent support to guerilla outfits in the region like Hizb-ul-Mujahideen. In the 1990s, as instances of militancy increased, the minority Pandit population was forced to flee from Kashmir.
At this time, local insurgency grew into terrorism sponsored by Pakistan and having training camps in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir. Pan-Islamic terrorist groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba, Hizbul, etc., and several Pakistan based persons like Hafeez Sayed have promoted terror activities and radicalisation of the local population. In recent years stone pelting by young protestors has increased.
7. Answer the following in 150 to 200 words.
Explain the role of the State with help of given points.
[a] Peace and order
[b] Economic development
[c] National Building
[d] Governance
[e] Welfare
Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 4 Contemporary India: Challenges to Peace, Stability and National Integration
A democratic society is likely to have a
diversity of views. Such a diversity arises
from a variety of socio-economic, political
and cultural factors. In India, the situation is
further complicated by factors such as caste,
religion, poverty, illiteracy, demographic
pressures, ethnic and linguistic diversity. The
country has witnessed many disturbances –
agrarian unrest, labour and student agitations,
communal riots and caste related violence.
A
lack of good governance and poor
implementation of laws are the major factors
for public disorder.
Public order, stability and peace implies
a harmonious state of society. It implies the
absence of disturbance, riot, revolt, and
lawlessness. Maintenance of law and order is
universally recognised as the prime function
of the State. Peace and stability are one of
the crucial requirements for the political,
economic and socio-cultural development of
the State.
The lack of it is likely to lead to
divisive tendencies in the state. It is the
function of the State to ensure that there is
peace and stability and that the nation remains
united. In any state there are likely to be
diverse groups in the society, establishment of
a dialogue between them is also an initiative
that the State would be expected to take.
This is the process of nation building and
national integration.
Nation, Nationalism and State, are among
the foundational concepts in political science.
We have studied these in Std. XI. Let us
revise a few important points regarding these:
Nation is a community that is bound
together by a feeling of unity and oneness
based on certain factors. They are people
who identify socially, culturally, politically
and want to establish a separate identity for themselves. There is a sense of
oneness that is psychological and born
out of commonness of culture, ethnicity,
religion, language, history, etc.
Nationalism is a sense of political identity.
They gain a sense of identity and selfesteem by this identification. It is a force
that creates the feeling of oneness in a
community based on ethnicity, race,
religion, language or any other factors.
When people of a nation want to become
a sovereign country, it means they are
demanding the right to self-determination.
It is this urge for political selfdetermination that leads a nation in the
direction of statehood. When does a
nation become a state? A State must have
the following characteristics to qualify for
statehood : sovereignty; independent
government, territory and population.
A State may have people belonging to
different ethnicity, race, religion, language,
etc. These people may have a sense of
their own identity. But they desire to
come together to create a State. Most of
the States in the world are multi-ethnic,
multi-religious, multi-racial, etc. They are
multi-cultural pluralist entities. The basic
problem that any state would face
therefore, is the problem of national unity,
integrity and consolidation. This problem
is the problem of national integration.
What is the role of the State? The values
of nationalism, secularism, and democracy
and goals of, economic development and
social change are the ones that determine the
role of the State. This role may be described
as follows
(i) Peace and Order : The State ensures
peace and order in the society. The core purpose of the State is protection. This
role has also been described as ‘state
building’. The survival of the political
system may be threatened from
international or domestic environment.
The maintenance of security and survival
of the state, its constitution and political
order is one of the key roles of the
State
(ii) Economic Development : The State is
expected to intervene in the economic
life for the purpose of promoting
industrial and agricultural growth and
economic development. Economic
stability and growth would ensure the
economic wellbeing of the people. This
does not imply creating a Socialist
System and Planning. It implies that
the State must be a facilitator of
economic development.
(iii) Nation Building : This refers to the
problem of ensuring that the diversity in
a society does not lead to disintegration
of the State. Nation Building is closely
associated with the idea of national
integration
(iv) Governance : Involvement of the
members of the society in the decisionmaking process of the State is good
governance. This is sometimes referred
to as ‘democratisation’ or the creation
of a ‘participatory state’.
(v) Welfare : This refers to the application
of the principles of social justice, fairness
and equality. The State is expected to
rectify the imbalances in the society so
that the marginalised sections of the
society do not suffer.
The values of nationalism, secularism,
and democracy and goals of economic
development and social change are essentially
those associated with nation building.
The problem of national integration is
universal. It involves a dialogue and
reconciliation of all diversities to build up a common national identity. These diversities
may be of socio-cultural, regional, religious,
linguistic and economic nature. Such an
identity may be labelled as nationalism. In
its effort of creating a common national
identity nationalism tries to promote the
forces of unity in the nation. It seeks to
reconcile the differences and forge a national
rather than a sectoral perspective.
National integration does not wipe out
the individual or group identities of various
sections of the society. It does not try to
create a homogeneous society. It only believes
in creating a territorial nationality which
overshadows subordinate group identities.
For example, when we say we are Indians,
it is a territorial nationality of being an
Indian in the country of India.
The subordinate
identities of being a Marathi, Tamil, Punjabi,
Hindu, Sikh, Muslim, Christian, etc are not
eliminated. They remain subordinate to the
territorial national identity of being an Indian.
The American use the word ‘salad bowl’ to
describe their socio-political system. The
task of a nation, thus, is to recognise the
regional, ethnic, linguistic, religious, etc.
diversity and seek to preserve, consolidate
and strengthen its unity. This in essence is
the problem of national integration.
India
In 1947 when India became independent
it faced several problems, they included
economic underdevelopment, poverty,
illiteracy, social inequality, etc. The national
movement for independence had provided
India with certain values and goals that were to be the basis of nation building after
independence. These values were of
nationalism, secularism, and democracy and
goals were the economic development and
social change. The first task of India after
independence was to preserve, consolidate
and strengthen India’s unity. Indian unity
could not be taken for granted, it had to be
strengthened by recognising India’s regional,
ethnic, linguistic diversity.
This was the
problem of national integration or integration
of Indian people as a political community.
Democracy was considered essential for
promoting national integration and bringing
about social change. It was believed that
economic development and democratic
political order with social change would help
in reducing poverty and removing caste and
gender inequality.
The newly independent state of India
had to take deliberate steps to integrate the
nascent nation. One was the structural aspect
of national integration. This was done
through the constitutional process.
The
Constitution of India provided some key
features that promoted national unity and
national identity. The second was the
psychological dimension that sought to
promote the feeling of Indian nationalism.
People who had various types of identities
began to be united under the common
umbrella of Indian nationalism from the
latter part of the nineteenth century. This is
the time when people with diverse identities
began to develop the identity of being
“Indian”. The ‘civilisational’ entity called
India began to be transformed into a political
entity called the Indian nation during the
freedom struggle.
Structural Dimension
The structural aspect of the balance
between national unity and regional and
sectional aspirations are seen in some of the
following features:
(i) The core of the structural aspect of
national consolidation was the creation of a democratic system of governance
with universal adult franchise.
Democracy and national integration
were compatible. The participation of
diverse groups in the process of
governance was possible only through
the representative democratic system.
(ii) The constitution also provided a
federal structure with a strong central
government, thus balancing the needs
of the regions with that of the nation
as a whole. The participation of local
bodies was further strengthened
through the Panchayat Raj
amendments in the 1990s. (73rd and
74th Amendments)
(iii) Language is an important part of
cultural identity. The Indian
constitution grants recognition to
various regional languages as official
languages. The reorganisation of
states in India was also done on the
basis of language
(iv) At the administrative level, there
exists the All India Administrative
cadre (IAS, IPS, IFS, IRS, etc.) This
provides for a unified central
bureaucratic system. At the same
time there is also the State cadre that
provides for the state bureaucracy.
(v) The National Integration Council was
founded in 1961 to find ways and
means to combat the evils of
communalism, casteism, regionalism,
linguism and narrow-mindedness, and
to formulate definite conclusions in
order to give a lead to the country.
This Conference decided to set up a
National Integration Council (NIC) to
review all matters pertaining to
national integration and to make
recommendations thereon.
(vi) The Indian Constitution has specified
certain Fundamental Duties for Indian
citizens.
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Maharashtra State Board 12th Std Political Science Textbook Solutions Digest
| Chapter No | Chapter Name |
| Chapter 1 | The World Since 1991 |
| Chapter 2 | Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Globalisation |
| Chapter 3 | Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Humanitarian Issues |
| Chapter 4 | Contemporary India: Challenges to Peace, Stability and National Integration |
| Chapter 5 | Contemporary India: Good Governance |
| Chapter 6 | India and the World |