European Colonialism Questions and Answers | 12th history chapter 2
1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.
Question - 1. ‘Declaration of Independence was drafted by __________
[a] George Washington
[b] Thomas Jefferson
[c] Lord Amherst
[d] Lord Cornwallis
Solutions :
[b] Thomas Jefferson
Question - 2. The second Anglo-Burmese war was fought during the times of __________
[a] Lord Amherst
[b] Lord Dufferin
[c] Lord Dalhousie
[d] Ashley Eden
Solutions :
[c] Lord Dalhousie
1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.
Question - 1. Group ‘A’ Group ‘B’
Group ‘A’ | Group ‘B’ |
1. Togoland | German colony |
2. Egypt | British colony |
3. Orange Free State | Dutch colony |
4. Ivory Coast | Portuguese colony |
2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.
Question - 1. The region from Florida to California on the southern coast of America was under the control of-
Solutions :
Spain
Question - 2. The sea voyages for exploration were encouraged in the reign of-
Solutions :
Queen Elizabeth I
2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.
Question - 1. The British wanted to gain control over Myanmar because __________
[a] they wanted to expand their empire
[b] it was very important to control the natural resources and the market in Myanmar
[c] they wanted to be at the forefront of the colonial competition amongst the European nations
[d] they wanted to teach a lesson to King Thibaw of Myanmar
Solutions :
[b] it was very important to control the natural resources and the market in Myanmar
3. Complete the following concept map.
Question - 1.
Q3
Solutions :
Q3.1
4. Write short notes.
Question - 1. Nature of Colonialism.
Solutions :
- Colonialism is the act of a developed nation occupying the land of a less developed, distant nation and establishing its rule on the occupied country. Europeans travelled all over the world with various intentions such as the urge for adventures, to earn a name, to discover unknown lands, to search for gold mines, etc.
- The Europeans established colonies wherever they went and in doing so there was a competition to gain economic, social, and political supremacy among the nations. Extreme nationalism, feeling of racial superiority, industrialization, aggressive approach, etc., are the factors that led to the growth of colonialism.
- Thus, Europeans went to America, Australia, and New Zealand. The Europeans also colonised Asia. However, the climate of Asia did not favour them. Favourable or unfavourable, Europeans disposed of the indigenous people in their own lands.
- The Europeans saw these colonies as potential marketplaces to sell their surplus goods which were accumulated as a result of mass production. The Europeans also needed additional sources that would provide ample raw material.
- In the latter half of the 19th century, England built a flourishing trade as a result of the industrial revolution.
Question - 2. American War of Independence.
Solutions :
The colonies got into several battles with the British army even after gaining independence. The colonies finally at Saratoga got a decisive victory over the British army. This victory proved to be a turning point for the colonies as the French agreed to support them in their conflict against the British. Eventually, Spain also joined the conflicts in their struggle for independence.
On 7th October 1780, George Washington defeated the British army. On 19th October, British General Lord Cornwallis surrendered and America became independent. The American revolt for independence is also known as the ‘American Revolution’. America proved to the world that the subjects have a right to fight their rulers who deny them their natural rights.
On 7th October 1780, George Washington defeated the British army. On 19th October, British General Lord Cornwallis surrendered and America became independent. The American revolt for independence is also known as the ‘American Revolution’. America proved to the world that the subjects have a right to fight their rulers who deny them their natural rights.
5. Explain the following statements with reasons.
Question - 1. The industrial revolution gave momentum to colonialism.
Solutions :
Colonialism was a result of the industrial revolution. Production increased enormously because of the new machines. However, the rate of local consumption was much less compared to the surplus rate of production. Hence, the immediate need of the Europeans was to find new markets for selling their products. It was also necessary that these markets be dependable and easy to dominate.
Question - 2. European nations established colonies in America.
Solutions :
- The stronger European nations dominated the weaker countries by establishing colonies there and pushed them to subjection.
- The lands of the original inhabitants in America were seized by the Europeans and were also massacred.
- The original inhabitants were forced into slavery. The Europeans discovered gold mines and the Spanish colonizers brought African slaves to work in sugarcane and tobacco fields.
- Farming and mining earned them enormous wealth. Essential raw materials were exported to Spain and the finished goods used to be imported for sale in the local markets for the colonies.
- The trade of gold and silver also earned huge profits for the king. Witnessing Spain’s prosperity England, Holland and France also began to establish colonies in America.
Try to do this. [Textbook Page No. 11]
Locate the following regions under British domination on the map: Gibraltar, Malta in the Mediterranean Sea; British Guyana, British Honduras, British West Indies, Bermuda and Falkland islands in the Western Hemisphere; Aden, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Hongkong, India; also, the countries in Africa.
Solutions :
Intext Q1
Project [Textbook Page No. 18]
Question - 1. Collect information about the biodiversity and sources of minerals in the African continent.
Solutions :
1. Meaning of Biodiversity:
Biodiversity consists of two words ‘Biological’ and ‘Diversity’. It refers to all the variety of life that can be found on earth [plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms] as well as to the communities that they form and the habitats in which they live.
2. Biodiversity in Africa:
Rich in biodiversity.
Africa supports the earth’s largest assemblages of large mammals which roam freely in many countries.
Africa is home to a rich and diverse animal, plant, and marine biodiversity that provide critical ecosystem services.
3. Minerals in Africa:
Africa is rich in mineral reserves and ranks first or second in quantity of world reserves of bauxite, cobalt, industrial diamond, phosphorite, platinum, etc.
European Colonialism Questions and Answers | 12th history chapter 2
Colonialism is a part of imperialism.
The act of a developed nation occupying the
land of a less developed, distant nation and
establishing their rule on the occupied country
is known as ‘colonialism’. Countries like
England, France, Portugal, Spain, etc.
gradually occupied the nations in Asia and
Africa and established their colonies there.
India was one of the colonies of England.
One of the main characteristics of colonialism
is to transport the raw material from the
colonies to one’s own country and use the
colonies as marketplaces for selling their
final products.
Colonialism, indeed gives rise to political
and economic slavery but it also causes
psychological slavery.
The racial attitude of
the colonialist countries and subsequent
treatment given to the native people creates
sort of inferiority complex in their minds.
They develop an apologetic outlook for their
own culture and history. They begin to feel
unworthy. It was said that, ‘‘the sun never
sets on the British Empire.” It was the way
to indicate the worldwide spread of British
colonies. The British Empire encompassed
the continents of Asia, Africa, America and
Australia.
There was a commercial revolution in
the 15th century Europe. As a result of the
discoveries of new lands by various seafarers,
the traditional ways of commerce changed
radically. European traders began to establish
themselves firmly in Asia and Africa
2.1 Colonialism : Meaning and Nature
Europeans reached all over the world
with various intentions such as the urge for
adventures, to earn name, to discover
unknown lands, to search for gold mines, etc.
Later, the trade and commerce increased to
a great extent and the European countries
began to compete with each other.
Wherever the Europeans went, they
established their colonies. There was a
competition to gain economic, social and
political supremacy among them. Extreme
nationalism, feeling of racial superiority,
industrialisation, aggressive approach, etc.
are some of the factors that led to the growth
of colonialism. Europeans went to America,
Australia, New Zealand.
They found the
climate of these regions favourable for them.
However, it was not easy for them to adapt
to the climate of Asia. Despite the climatic
conditions, favourable or unfavourable,
Europeans displaced the indigenous people in
their own lands. The British, the Dutch, the
Portuguese and the French, all devised several
ways for demoralising the indigenous people.
Europeans needed to capture newer
marketplaces for selling their surplus goods,
which were increasingly accumulating as the
result of mass production, caused by the
industrial revolution. Besides, they also
needed additional sources that would provide
ample raw material.
In the latter half of the
19th century, England had built a very
flourishing trade as a result of the industrial
revolution. The British with the help of their
naval forces, had established supremacy in
Asian and African countries. Earning surplus
profits, investing surplus profits, increasing
trade with the colonies for good investment,
profit on the investments – this was an
unending chain. France, Belgium, Italy and
Germany were the countries, who, like
England strove to establish colonies.
2.2 Colonialism
2.2.1 Causes of the Rise of Colonialism
Industrial Consequences : Colonialism
was a result of Industrial Revolution.
Production increased enormously because of
the new machines. However, the rate of local
consumption was much lesser compared to
the surplus rate of production. Hence, the
immediate need of the Europeans was to find
new marketplaces for selling their products.
It was also necessary that those marketplaces
be dependable and easy to dominate.
Requirements of Raw Material : It is
necessary to maintain low costs of production
compared to competing nations in the market.
The desire to create monopoly in the market
and the need to procure raw material at
cheaper rates were two major factors, which
made it essential for the European nations
to establish clear supremacy.
Investing Surplus Capital :The Industrial
revolution added to the wealth of the
European capitalists, who were already rich.
They started searching for secure markets to
invest their surplus funds. The markets in the
less developed countries were quite secure
from this point of view. Thus, the availability
of surplus capital facilitated the rise of
colonialism.
Sources of Minerals : The countries in
Asia and Africa had rich sources of minerals
like gold, diamonds, silver and coal etc. This
attracted the European merchants to various
regions of Asia and Africa.
Geographic Importance : European
nations had realised that the geographic
location of some regions in Asia and Africa
are advantageous for trade. Malta, Gibraltar,
Aden, Singapore, Andaman and Nicobar were
some such regions, where the British
established their hold.
Availability of Labour : European
merchants needed large number of labourers
at a very cheap rate. The colonies fulfilled
this need. Later, it contributed to the boom
in the slave trade.
The Feeling of Racial Superiority :
The European colonialist claimed it to be
their responsibility to civilise the people in
Asia and Africa. This assumed role of the
Europeans resulted in the conversion of many
Asian and African people to Christianity.
This also helped the growth of colonialism.
2.2.2 Consequences
The People in Asia and Africa were
economically exploited by the Europeans.
The people in the colonies lost their
independence. Their economic exploitation
pushed them into poverty.
At the same time, we may also note
some constructive things that happened during
the colonial period. A new awareness emerged
in the political, social, economic and
educational fields.
Common people became
conscious of democratic systems and its
inherent modern values like liberty, equality
and fraternity. They got introduced to
principles like administration based on a
fundamental legal system, judicial system,
availability of education to all. People
became aware of the need to shoulder the
responsibility of solving their problems, which
eventually led to the independence movements
in many colonies.
2.3 European Colonialism
2.3.1 America
While studying the history of the colonial
period in America it becomes apparent that
the stronger European countries dominated
the weaker countries by establishing colonies
there and pushed them into subjection. The
European migrants seized the lands of original
inhabitants in America and if needed
massacred them. They destroyed the local
kingdoms in Peru and Mexico. The original
inhabitants were forced into slavery.
Portugal and Spain were on the forefront
in the competition among the European
nations to establish colonies. Portugal brought
Brazil in the American continent under their
rule and so did Spain by taking hold of
Mexico. There they discovered gold mines.
Spanish colonisers brought slaves from Africa
to cultivate sugarcane and tobacco in the
American fields. However, once the Spanish
discovered the mines of gold and silver, they
concentrated more on mining the precious
metals than agriculture. They established
control over the entire coastline of South
America. The coastal region from Florida to
California was held by the Spanish. Here,
they engaged the native Americans and the
African slaves in farming. Farming and
mining earned them enormous wealth. Spain
appointed governors to administer these
regions. The King of Spain was the supreme
authority. An organisation, called ‘Council of
the Indies’ was established to rule the
colonies.
This council was also in charge of
the Spanish trade in the colonies. Essential
raw materials were exported out to Spain
and the finished goods used to be imported
for sale in the local markets of the colonies.
The trade of gold and silver acquired from
these colonies earned huge profits for the
king. Witnessing Spain’s prosperity England,
Holland and France also began to establish
their colonies in America.
During the reign of Elizabeth I, the
queen of England, explorers were encouraged
to undertake sea expeditions.
Establishing
colonies was the prime intention. In 1496,
John Abbot was granted permission to
establish colonies on the American land. He
established the British as the ruling authority
in North America. In 1607 the British built
Jamestown, a colony on the banks of river
‘James’. Later the same colony was renamed
as ‘Virginia’. Afterwards, England established
its colonies in the coastal region of North
America stretching from New England to
Carolina. Along with earning commercial
benefit, welfare of the home country was
added to the colonial intentions during the
reign of Queen Elizabeth.
To suit its colonial interests, England
began to impose restrictions on the colonies.
The Maritime Law was a step in this
direction. This law authorised only the British
companies for the sea transport.
The ‘Stamp Act’ (1765) made it
obligatory to purchase special stamps for
important documents. British colonies in
America like Virginia, Massachusetts put up
resistance against the Stamp Act and also
other restrictions imposed on the colonies. On
5th March 1770, some people were shot
down by British soldiers, in Boston, a port
city in Massachusetts.
The British parliament had granted
monopoly to ‘East India Company’ to import
and sell tea to the colonies. People in the
colonies had started demanding removal of
the restrictions imposed on them and
autonomy. When the British Government
refused to yield to these demands, the
American colonies declared boycott on British
goods. In 1773, as an act of resistance, the
local residents of Boston dumped the boxes
containing tea in the sea belonging to East
India Company.
This event is known as the
‘Boston Tea Party’. A federation of the
colonies known as the ‘Continental Congress’
was established. In 1774, a meeting of the
congress was called. In this meeting known
as the ‘First Continental Congress’ a strong
opposition was expressed to the import of
British goods. It was also decided to boycott
British goods. These events ultimately gave
a momentum to the American independence
movement against European powers.
Thirteen colonies in America came
together and declared independence from
Great Britain.
On 4th July in the meeting
known as the ‘Second Continental Congress’,
a document known as the ‘Declaration of
Independence’ was adopted. This document
was drafted by Thomas Jefferson. The crucial
point of the document announced that the 13
American colonies were independent sovereign
states. The key point
of this document is
the statement about
three basic human
rights, namely, ‘Life,
Liberty and Pursuit
of Happiness’. It was
stated that these three
are the natural rights
of all humans, which
nobody can be
deprived of.
The conflict between the colonies and
the British army continued for some time
resulting into several battles after the colonies
declared independence. Finally, at Saratoga
the colonies got a decisive victory over the
British army. This victory proved to be a
turning point for the colonies as the French
agreed to support them in their conflict with
the British. Eventually, Spain also joined the
colonies in their struggle for independence.
On 7th October 1780, George Washington
defeated the British army.
On 19th October,
the British general Lord Cornwallis
surrendered and America became independent.
The American revolt for independence, is
also known as the ‘American Revolution’. It
was a war tantamount to Americans fighting
one’s own king to get back their independence.
Americans proved to the world that the
subjects have a right to fight the rulers who
deny them their natural rights. It is said that
‘State without a King’ is a phenomenon,
which is a gift to the world from America.
Canada, a country adjacent to America
was acquired by the British by the Paris
Treaty. Later, the British accorded the status
of a federal state to Canada and established
a bicameral parliament. They had also
appointed a Governor-General in Canada.
2.3.2 Australia and New Zealand
In the 18th century the first colony of the
prisoners deported from England was
established in Australia. Later in the 19th
century other regions in Australia were
colonised. The British also established their
colonies in the Island of Tampania and New
Zealand. In the year 1900, the island of
Tasmania was included and the Republic of
Australia was created as an integral nation
of the British Empire. A bicameral parliament
was established. A Governor - General was
appointed in Australia by the British king as
the viceregal representative. Only European
immigrants were allowed to enter Australia.
In 1907, New Zealand was accorded the
status of an autonomous state within the
British empire. The European settlers in New
Zealand adopted democratic system of
administration. The measures of public
welfare such as common right to vote, public
railways, fire and accident insurance, pension
for the old, compensation to workers who got
injured or died on duty, etc. were implemented
in New Zealand long before 1900 C.E. Only
European immigrants were allowed to settle
down in New Zealand.
2.3.3 Asia
To protect their colonies in India from
other colonialist European nations and to
boost their trade in India and the neighbouring
regions were the main objectives of the
British rulers.
Myanmar : Myanmar is India’s
neighbouring country on its northeast boundary.
Earlier it was known as ‘Brahmadesh’ (Burma).
The British wanted to establish their control in
Burma because it was rich in natural wealth
and was also a potential market.
The royal dynasty of Myanmar had
successfully consolidated the country under
their rule. It also conquered Manipur in 1813.
In 1822, they attacked Assam. The British
were alerted by the Burmese attacks.
Hence,
Lord Amherst, the Governor-General of India
declared war against Myanmar. The war
continued for two years. It is known as the
‘First Anglo-Burmese War’. The British navy
conquered the port of Rangoon (Yangon) in
this war. It ended with a treaty between the
British and the Burmese king. Manipur was
returned to the British. The coastal region,
the forests and mines there, came under
British control. The British collected a large
sum as compensation against military
expenditure from Myanmar. They also
appointed their Resident in Inwa (also known
as ‘Ava’), the capital of Myanmar at that
time.
The ‘Second Anglo-Burmese War’ was
fought during Lord Dalhousie’s tenure. Two
British individuals staying in Burma were
asked to pay a fine by the Burmese
administration. This minor incident was used
as a pretext by Dalhousie to plan an attack
on Myanmar. He declared war and sent an
army to Myanmar with Commodore George
Lambert at its head. The Burmese army was
defeated. The cities of Rangoon (Yangon),
Pegu (Bago) and Prome were captured by the
British. This region was merged in the British
Empire. With this victory the British influence
in the coastal region of Myanmar was firmly
established. The British army fighting this
war was comprised of Indian soldiers. Not
only that, the expenditure of this war was
also borne by the Indians.
The French had already created
considerable influence in Vietnam (Indochina).
There was increasing contact between the
Burmese king and the French. In addition,
King Thibaw of Myanmar tried to strike a
pact with Italy and Germany. These were
reasons enough for the British to feel alarmed.
They got a pretext to declare war against
King Thibaw when he levied fine on the
Bombay-Burma Trading Corporation, a
British company. Lord Dufferin, the GovernorGeneral and Viceroy of India took this
opportunity and sent army to attack Burma.
The ‘Third Anglo-Burmese War’ was fought
around 1885 C.E. The British conquered the
city of Mandalay. King Thibaw surrendered
and the entire region of North Myanmar
became an integral part of the British Empire.
In 1935, an act was passed to separate
Myanmar from Indian territory.
Myanmar was inspired by the ‘Indian
Freedom Struggle’ and gained independence
in 1948.
Nepal : Nepal was a small kingdom in
the Himalayan region. The British had sent
their representatives to Nepal but they did
not receive any favourable response. It led
to two Anglo-Nepalese wars.
The Gurkha army had merely 10-12
thousand soldiers while the British army was
much larger having more than 30 thousand
soldiers. The British attacked Nepal. The
Nepalese army brought the British army to
the point of desperation. It was defeated by
the Nepalese at Makwanpur in 1896. The
British had to hand over the regions of Terai,
Kumaun and Garhwal to the Nepalese. A
British Resident was appointed at Kathmandu.
In 1923, the British accepted the sovereignty
of Nepal.
Sikkim : The British goal was to gain
control over India’s neighbouring regions.
Sikkim was a small kingdom on the north
border of India, which was surrounded by
Bhutan, Bengal, Nepal and Tibet. In 1885,
the King of Sikkim handed over the region
around Darjeeling to the British. In return the
king was granted certain amount as a privy
purse. Later Lord Dalhousie sent army to
Sikkim and took hold of some more regions
of Sikkim. This threw open the Sikkim
markets to the British traders and authorised
the British to collect octroi on the India-Tibet
trade. In 1886, the Tibetans tried to capture
Sikkim.
The British immediately took action
against them. In the 1890 treaty between the
British and China it was agreed that Sikkim
a British protectorate. In this way the British
could ensure the security of the tea gardens
in Darjeeling. Sikkim was made a buffer
zone and the British took control of the
internal administration and foreign policies of
Sikkim. However, the sovereign status of
Sikkim was maintained.
A plebiscite was held in 1975 and the
people of Sikkim voted for merging in the
Indian Republic. Thus, Sikkim became a
constituent state in the Indian federation.
Bhutan : Bhutan is a neighbouring
country of India, located near its northern
border and to the east of Sikkim. Lord
Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General
of India had recognised the geographic and
economic importance of Bhutan. Hence, he
established friendly relationship with the
country. It helped to open the trade route
from Bengal to Tibet for the British. In 1841,
Ashley Eden took an agressive stand against
Bhutan. There was a war between Bhutan
and the British. The war was concluded with
a treaty, according to which the king of
Bhutan surrendered the territories conquered
by Bhutan to the British and the king was
granted an annual subsidy. Later, in another
treaty in 1910, the British agreed not to
interfere in the internal matters of Bhutan
and Bhutan agreed to be guided by the
British in their external affairs. In 1949, a
treaty was signed between India and Bhutan,
according to which India assumed a position
of an advisory to Bhutan in the matters of
defence and external affairs.
Tibet : Tibet was under the influence of
Dalai Lama. The British wanted to have hold
on Tibet for arresting Russian advances and
to increase their own trade. During Lord
Curzon’s times the British military had
reached ‘Lhasa’, the capital city of Tibet. In
1907, as per the treaty between England and
Russia, the political rule of China in Tibet
was principally acknowledged. It gave a
leeway to China to claim Tibet as an integral
part of China.
2.3.4 Africa
European travellers reached Africa also.
However, the African territory with its dense
forests, widespread lakes, swamps and deserts
was unfamiliar to them. Leopold II, the king
of Belgium had Congo under his dominance.
He convened a Geographical Conference in
Brussels in 1876. European geographers and
researchers had gathered in this assembly. It
was decided there to establish an institution
called ‘International Association for the
Exploration and Civilisation of Central
Africa’, for the purpose of dissemination of
knowledge in Africa. In 1884 a conference
of European nations was organised in Berlin
to explore the opportunities in Africa available
to them. The true purpose of this conference
was to discuss the possibilities of dividing
the African territory amongst themselves.
In the Berlin Conference the Belgian
supremacy in Congo was acknowledged by
all and Congo was renamed as ‘Congo Free
State’. It was also decided in this conference
that if any of the European nations fails in
utilising the natural resource in the colonies
under their charge, then that nation should
give it up to another European nation.
George Taubman Goldie was a British
citizen who founded ‘The National African
Company’ in England. A charter was issued
to him by the British Government permitting
to conduct trading operations in Nigeria.
Later, the company was acquired by the
British Government. Nigeria became a
colony governed by the British Government.
Bismarck, the Chancellor of Germany
established the first German colony in West
Africa in 1883. It was named ‘Togoland’.
Germany also established its colonies in
Cameroon and southwest Africa.
France established their supremacy in
Senegal, Gambia and in the region to the
north of Congo. In 1883 Ivory Coast also
became a French colony. Later France
acquired the region of Dahomey from
Portugal.
Till 1994, France had established
their control over the region from Sahara
desert to Ivory Coast to the west and French
Guinea.
Cape Colony and Natal in East Africa
were held by England while Mozambique
was under Spanish control. England, France
and Germany were interested in the regions
of East Africa. These three nations made a
pact to protect each other’s interests.
Accordingly, the Sultan of Zanzibar was
given Pemba island and the coastal region
of east Africa, while Madagascar was given
to France, the coastal region of North Africa
to England and the south region to Germany.
In 1897, Germany took over the east African
region from ‘German East Africa Company’.
England declared Zanzibar, Pemba island
and Nyasaland (Malawi) as their protectorates
and it came to be known as ‘British East
Africa’.
Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli (Nubia)
and Egypt were part of the north region of
Africa. In 1830, France had already
established control over Algeria. Italy, France
and England wanted to occupy Tunis. In this
competition France was successful, and got
hold of Tunis from its Turkish Sultan.
Thereafter, France took hold of Morocco as
well. Italy conquered Tripoli and Cyrenaica.
Both England and France wanted to gain
hold over Egypt. The British built railway
from Alexandria to Cairo. Suez Canal that
joined Mediterranean and Red Sea was built
under the supervision of the French diplomat
Ferdinand de Lesseps. In the beginning Egypt
bore the expenditure for this project.
However, later the expenditure for Suez
Canal got so escalated that Egypt had to
seek loans to meet it. It became impossible
to repay even the interest on the loans, so
Egypt put up the shares of ‘Suez Canal
Company’ for sell.
England purchased a
number of shares and thus gained part
ownership of the company and the Suez
Canal. Egypt became independent in 1922.
Sudan to the south of Egypt was its
vassal state. England, by the virtue of Egypt
being deemed as British protectorate, had
also assumed the same role in Sudan.
Sudan was important for England because
the Nile, the lifeline of Egypt, originates in
Sudan. England, without paying heed to local
opposition established its supremacy over
Sudan. To facilitate the moving of British
army in Sudan, the British began to build a
railway track from Uganda to Sudan.
France
accepted England’s claim on Sudan and in
exchange asked for some facilities in the
western parts of Africa.
Cape Colony and Natal in the southern
parts of Africa were under British control.
Orange Free State and Transvaal were under
Dutch control. Gold mines were discovered
in Johannesburg and it attracted European
nations to South Africa. This resulted in
England’s decision to consolidate its colonies
in the southern region and name it ‘Union
of South Africa’. At about same time the Portuguese gained control over Angola. Some
islands in the Guinea Coast, some part of
Morocco came under Spain’s control.
Thus, we learnt about the history of
European Colonialism. In the next lesson we
will learn about the influence of European
colonialism in India.
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