India Transformed Part 2 Questions And Answers | India Transformed Part 2
1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.
Question - 1. In 1995, the health department of the Indian government launched the campaign, dubbed as __________
[a] Measles-Rubella
[b] Pulse Polio
[c] B.C.G.
[d] Triple vaccine
Solutions :
[b] Pulse Polio
Question - 2. The first district in __________ to become completely literate was Ernakulum.
[a] Gujrat
[b] Kerala
[c] Karnataka
[d] Tamil Nadu
Solutions :
[b] Kerala
1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.
Question - 1.
Group ‘A’ | Group ‘B’ |
(a) National Human Rights Commission | Protection of Human Rights |
(b) Centre for Science and Environment | Study of Pollution in Delhi |
(c) SEESCAP | Institute for conservation of turtles |
(d) INTACH | Organisation creating awareness for conservation of heritage |
2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.
Question - 1. Commission established vide Human Right Protection Act –
Solutions :
National Human Rights Commission
Question - 2. The player who was awarded the highest title, ‘Bharat Ratna’ –
Solutions :
Mr. Sachin Tendulkar
3. Complete the following concept map.
Question - 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2 Q3
Solutions :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2 Q3.1
4. Write short notes.
Question - 1. Speed Post
Solutions :
- The Indian postal department started the service of speed post in 1986 which changed the nature of post service.
- This service was used by the majority of Indians, more than three crore letters and parcels were delivered from this service.
- The customer will get the message of successful delivery of their items.
- The postal department now offers courier services like passport delivery, business parcels, cash-on-delivery, logistics posts, and air freights.
- The post office even offers a packaging service. Over one lakh and fifty thousand post offices are offering the services like paying bills, sending festive cards and other objects.
- Since 2016, the postal department has started service of delivering Ganges water from Rishikesh and Gangotri at personal addresses.
- Buying personalised postage stamps with personal photographs and special schemes for philatelists are also available at ‘Post Shops’ opened at 80 post offices.
Question - 2. Air Pollution
Solutions :
The entire world, nowadays, is facing the problem of air pollution which is mainly done by vehicles.
All most every state in India is facing the problem of air pollution.
The ‘Centre for Science and Environment’, studied and proved that the increasing number of automobiles and vehicles of poor maintenance are the causes of air pollution in Delhi.
The institution recommended the following suggestions to curb air pollution:
Use of CNG [Compressed Natural Gas] as fuel.
It was decided that vehicles without a ‘PUC’ certificate will not qualify for insurance and renewal of insurance.
In this way, we can curb air pollution and make our environment clean and pure.
Question - 3. Eradication of Polio.
Solutions :
The government of India launched a campaign for the eradication of polio from India.
The health department of the Indian government launched the campaign known as ‘Pulse Polio’ which was started with the joint sponsorship of‘World Health Organisation – WHO, Rotary International, UNICEF, and Indian Government.’
The objective of the campaign was not to leave a single child under the age of five years without administering the polio vaccine.
Awareness camps, home visits, and extensive advertising made this campaign successful.
5. Answer the following Question -s in detail.
Question - 1. Explain the sports policy of the Government of India.
Solutions :
- India is home to a diverse population playing and showing their talent in a variety of different sports. Every nation needs a well-knit sports policy.
- In 2001, the Government of India announced its sports policy. The main objective of this policy is:
- To take sports to all parts of India.
- To help the players to develop special skills.
- To build supportive and fundamental sports facilities.
- To help the National Sports Federation of India and associated institutions to search for sports talent.
- To initiate co-operation from industries, corporate and private institutions for the cause of sports.
- To create awareness of the importance of sports and interest in sports among people.
- In 2011, the Indian government announced a novel scheme for sports named ‘Come and Play’.
- Sports Authority of India gave permission to use five sports complexes in Delhi to local youths.
- They were also provided an opportunity to train under Sports Authority of India [SAI] coaches.
- The National Sports University was founded in Manipur in 2018.
- This university offers different courses from Bachelor and Masters to M.Phil. and Ph.D. Apart from this, sports universities also offer courses in sports, education, sports management, sports psychology, coaching, etc. Research in sports is also encouraged in the sports university.
- Khelo India.
- Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2
Question - 2. Which programmes and facilities are created by the Ministry of Tourism of the Indian government to attract tourists?
Solutions :
- India has a rich cultural heritage. Several tourists visit India each year to see its cultural heritage, monuments, etc. The tourism industry is a continuously growing industry which also gives foreign exchange to the country. The Indian Government has adopted different policies to attract tourists. They are as follows:
- The government provides different facilities to the tourists who visit India. The three ministries of home affairs, tourism, and foreign affairs together created the facility of e-visa which included e-business visas, e-medical visas, and e-visa.
- A facility of giving information to tourists on mobile in Hindi and 10 other foreign languages, for 24 hours throughout the week was started.
- To avail of this facility, tourists have to dial 1363. The information regarding cruise tours, health, and sports tourism, eco-friendly tourism, adventurous sports tourism, film festivals are given through this service.
- Hotels with amenities and premium quality accommodation including luxurious services are available to the tourists.
- The Institutes which offer training courses in ‘Hospitality and Hotel Management’ have been established in major cities of India.
- An advertisement campaign called ‘Atulya Bharat’ was designed to attract tourists.
- A travel show entitled ‘GONORTHEAST’ was released on the Discovery channel to boost the tourism of beautiful places in the northeastern states of India.
- The government took the help of electronic and digital media channels like Discovery, BBC, History is showcasing various programs introducing India’s historical and cultural heritage.
- Swadesh’ and ‘Prasad’ schemes were launched by the Ministry of Tourism of Government of India to encourage visits to 95 pilgrimage and spiritual centers in India.
- The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, and Federation of Associations in Indian Tourism and Hospitality [FAITH] organized Indian Tourism Mart – 2018. This was the first event based on the model of International Tourism Marts in other countries.
6. State your opinion.
Question - 1. Joint military practice sessions are beneficial for both participant countries.
Solutions :
- Such sessions are extremely helpful for both countries because of the technological exchange that happens on these occasions.
- It also helps the armies of both the countries to know, learn and practice new methods of resolving problems.
- The process of modernization of arms gives impetus to further research.
- Due to the development of science and technology, there is increasing scope for the exchange of the latest technology to fight terrorism, to augment our own competencies, and optimum use of modern technology for the end of terrorism.
- The Indian army carried out exercises with different countries e.g., exercise with Oman army at Bakloh, there were combined exercises of Mangolian army and Jammu and Kashmir Rifles.
Question - 2. All of us have the responsibility of taking care of our heritage places.
Solutions :
- India has an extraordinary and vast cultural heritage. It is in the form of ancient monuments, buildings, and other archaeological sites and remains.
- These monuments are the living witnesses of our golden historic era.
- It is our duty to preserve the monuments for the next generations. A little initiate from our side can save our heritage.
- The tourism industry generated foreign exchange on a large scale. Tourists come to India every year to see its cultural heritage. Therefore, it is our duty to preserve and protect our heritage.
- As a citizen of India, we should spread awareness among the people about the importance of the preservation of monuments. A little effort on our side can create desirable changes which will make past, present, and future generations of the country and the entire world proud of us.
Try to do this: [Textbook Page No. 100]
NRHM – Make a list of the benefits of the National Rural Health Mission to people.
Solutions :
- The Indian government launched National Rural Health Mission [NRHM] in April 2005 with an aim to strengthen the health systems in rural and urban areas. The list of the benefits of the NRHM are as follows:
- It aims to provide equitable, affordable, and quality healthcare services.
- It has strengthened the healthcare infrastructure.
- It has brought down the maternal mortality rate among poor pregnant women.
- The prevalence of tobacco use and the number of tobacco users have been reduced.
- The Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram entitles pregnant women to give birth in public health institutions at no expense.
- The government launched different schemes for community participation under NRHM. Rogi Kalyan Samiti is responsible for maintaining the facilities and ensuring the provision of better facilities for the patients in the hospital.
- Established the Global Knowledge Hub for smokeless tobacco. It also issued an advisory to ban Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems.
- After the implementation of various initiates under NHRM many states have shown improved progress in healthcare facilities.
Try to do this: [Textbook Page No. 100]
Make a list of solutions to reduce the levels of air pollution.
Solutions :
- Air pollution is the biggest threat to the environment and to all living species. Following are some of the solutions to reduce the level of air pollution:
- Public Transport: Encourage greater use of public transport i.e. the use of railways, bus services or metros, etc. Instead of using private vehicles, people should encourage to use public transport.
- Use of CNG Vehicles: Citizens should also be encouraged to use CNG vehicles as it is a much cleaner fuel than petrol or diesel. New registration should be discouraged by increasing registration charges of vehicles.
- Use bicycles: Using bicycles is the best way to reduce air pollution. The government should mark out bicycle lanes in residential colonies as well as on roads.
- Plant and care for trees: Trees filter pollutants and absorb carbon dioxide. Trees release oxygen into the atmosphere. The practice of planting trees provides more benefits to the environment.
- Use less energy: Use energy-efficient appliances. Turn off electrical appliances when not in use. Get an energy audit done and follow the advice.
- Avoid the use of crackers: Avoid the use of crackers during festivals and weddings as it creates a lot of air pollution and is harmful to birds and animals including human beings.
- Reuse, Reduce and Recycle: The three ‘Rs’ are the best way to reduce air pollution.
- Avoid using chemical products: Avoid using chemical products like paint, perfumes, sprays, etc as they contain harmful products. Try to use products with less chemical content.
- Prevention of forest fires and burning of garbage: Don’t burn garbage or leaves because it releases harmful smoke in the air which decreases the quality of air.
Try to do this: [Textbook Page No. 102]
1990 was the ‘International Year of Literacy’. Make a list of similarly declared international years for special causes and campaigns launched on the occasion.
Solutions :
The following are the international years currently observed by the United Nations.
2024:
International Year of Camelids
2022:
International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture
2021:
International Year of Peace and Trust
International Year of Creative Economy for Sustainable Development
International Year of Fruits and Vegetables
International Year of Eliminations of Child Labour
Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2
2020:
International Year of Planet Health
International Year of the Nurse and Midwife
2019:
International Year of Indigenous Languages
International Year of Moderation
International Year of Periodic Table of Chemical Elements
2017:
International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development.
2016:
International Year of Pulses
2015:
International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies
International Year of Soils
2014:
International Year of Solidarity with the Palestinian People
International Year of Small Island Developing States
International Year of Crystallography
International Year of Family Farming
2013:
International Year of Water cooperation
International Year of Quinoa
2012:
International Year of Cooperatives
International Year of Sustainable Energy for All
2011:
International Year of Forest
International Year of Chemistry
The International Year of African Descent
2010:
The International Year of Biodiversity
The International Year for the Rapprochement of cultures
The International Year of Youth
Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2
2009:
The International Year of Astronomy
The International Year of Human Rights Learning
The International Year of Natural Fibres
The International Year of Reconciliation
2008:
The International Year of Languages
The International Year of Planet Earth
The International Year of the Potato
The International Year of Sanitation
2007-08:
International Polar Year
2006:
International Year of Deserts and Desertification
2005:
International Year of Physics
International Year of Sport and Physical Education
International Year of Microcredit
2004:
International Year of Rice
International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition
2003:
International Year of Freshwater
Year of Kyrgyz Statehood
2002:
International Year of Mountains
International Year of Eco-tourism
United Nations Year for Cultural Heritage
2001:
International Year of Volunteers
International Year of Mobilisation against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance
United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilisation
Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2
2000:
International Year of Thanksgiving
International Year for the Culture of Peace
Find out and tell us [Textbook Page No. 106]
Make a list of employment opportunities generated by the tourism industry.
Solutions :
The travel and tourism industry in India is growing rapidly so many opportunities are available in the coming years in this field. Some of the opportunities that are available in the tourism industry are as follows:
[i] Hotels: Many job perspectives are available in the hotel industry. Some fields of hotel industries are
Manager
Operations
Housekeeping
Food and Beverage
Front office
Gardener
Security officer/personnel etc.
[ii] Airlines: One can take up the following job in airlines
- Pilot
- Ground staff [Traffic Assistant, Counter staff, Booking, and Reservation]
- Flight Attendant
[iii] Tourism Department:
- Tour guides
- Tour planner
- Information assistants
- Reservation and counter staffs
- Sales and Marketing
- Interpreters
- Translators
[iv] Transportation Industry:
- This is an ever-growing industry where one can have many job opportunities. Job opportunities are available in all types of transportation i.e.
- Railway service
- Bus service
- Cruise service or ferry service
- Private transportation – Cars, Rickshaws, Horse riding, etc.
[v] The employment opportunities are also available in the management of adventure sports, theme parks, amusement parks, water sports, mountaineering, children’s fantasy land, etc.
[vi] The other job opportunities in this field include Destination Manager, Itinerary Planner, Travel Agent, Foreign Exchange, Counselor, etc.
Find out and tell us [Textbook Page No. 106]
Suggest ways and means to enhance the heritage and historical tourism in India.
Solutions :
- Heritage and historical tourism tend to attract many tourists. Different ways and means to enhance, this type of tourism are as follows:
- Build better roads and access points to the heritage sites, packaged train travel, proper bus connections should be provided to the tourists.
- Aggressive tourism and marketing strategies are also necessary whether it is broadcasting the ‘Incredible India’ campaign abroad, holding different seminars, or offering Indian locations with facilities to promote foreign film productions in the country are some of the strategies.
- The Government of India has already started making a lot of improvements in this area. We need to capitalize on India as a destination. The government should make a documentary based on the heritage of India. One can even design a promotional campaign to enhance historical tourism.
- The historical places always have a story to tell. They offer amazing aesthetics and attract people from all over the world. If tourism is accompanied by mind-blowing hotels, resorts, good public transportation facilities, and delectable cuisine then it becomes an added advantage to the tourist.
Project [Textbook Page No. 108]
Make a list of various business opportunities available at tourist destinations.
Solutions :
Introduction: Tourism is a continuously growing industry. By the early 21st century, international tourism had become one of the world’s most important activities. Various business opportunities are available at the tourist destinations and they are as follows:
[i] Travel Agency: Everyone needs a platform where customers can come to and take advice about tour packages of different places which travel agency provides. The travel agency helps tourists in planning their travel for which they charge their commission.
[ii] Hotel: Hotel business is the best opportunity from which you can gain a high rate of return as well as expand your chain of hotels in the future.
[iii] Online Travel Business: In the modern era, the way of doing business is changing. Now everything is available online. With the change in technology, the way of doing business has also changed. One can start an online business portal where customers have easy access to everything online.
[iv] Photography: Tourists always want to save the memories of the places they visit and a photographer helps them to restore their memories through their art of photography. There is a huge demand for photographers.
[v] Vehicle Renting: Some tourists like to plan their tours according to their own wishes. They don’t want any unknown person to be a part of their travel for safety reasons. Such tourists search for a vehicle that they can get on rent and go in the direction that they want. To invest in this business is profitable.
[vi] Tour Guide: A Tourist guide is a person who guides visitors in the language of their choice and interprets the cultural and natural history of the particular place. This is a challenging field with an increase in tours and travels.
[vii] Executive Chef: The executive chef is in charge of a restaurant’s kitchen and is responsible for managing the kitchen staff, planning the menu, and making sure that food hygiene is maintained. This is a well suitable job for people who are passionate about cooking.
India Transformed Part 2 Questions And Answers | India Transformed Part 2
12.1 Social Domain
India’s transformation is reflected in
the social domain also. The government is
actively trying to reduce the social disparity
and to bring all classes in the society in
the mainstream of economic development.
In this regard, the ‘Human Rights Protection
Act - 1993’ is important.
‘National Human
Rights Commission’ was established under
this act. Its objective is to protect
fundamental human rights, like the right to
life, equality, etc. and to see that nobody
is deprived of these rights. According to
this Act the Commission can act on the
basis of a report of a case of deprivation
of fundamental human rights, published in
newspaper or other media (‘Sui Moto
Cognisance’).
A complaint can be lodged
by a social activist or a social institute on
behalf of the victim. In 2005, the ‘Domestic
Violence Act’ was passed. This Act was
formed to provide protection to women
from domestic violence. The most important
provision in this Act is the right of a
woman on the house where she has been
residing, even if she doesn’t own the house.
According to 2011, census the sex ratio
in India, is alarming. The ratio of girls is
very low. In the age group of 0-6 years
the number of girls is 914 against 1000
boys. This statistics was a warning of a
grim social situation and several women
organisations raised a voice expressing their
concern. The State Government of Maharashtra banned sex/gender prediction
tests of a fetus and launched a programme
called ‘Lek Ladaki’. Gradually the social
loathing for the birth of a girl is diminishing
because of the growing awareness.
12.1.1 Health
Polio eradication : The transformation
of India was bound to reflect in the field
of ‘Health’. In 1995, the health department
of the Indian government launched the
campaign, dubbed as ‘Pulse Polio’. It was
started jointly under the sponsorship of ‘World Health Organisation – WHO’,
UNICEF, Rotary International and
Government of India. This campaign was
for the eradication of polio. The campaign
was run with a determination not to leave
a single child under the age of five years
without administering polio vaccination.
Various means were used to make the
campaign absolutely successful, such as
awareness camps, home visits and extensive
advertising through various media.
AYUSH : The ‘Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare’ of the Government of India
opened a new department for developing
alternate medicine like Ayurveda, Yoga and
Naturopathy, Unani, Homoeopathy etc.
Since 2009, this department is known as
‘Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and
Naturopathy, Unani Medicine, Siddha and
Homoeopathy’ (AYUSH). It is working for
the development of syllabi and education
of these branches of medicine, advanced
research, standardisation of medicine, etc.
12.1.2 Environment
Most of the states in India are facing
the problem of increasing air pollution. The
pollution caused by automobiles is an issue
of great worry. The ‘Centre for Science and
Environment’ studied the problem of
pollution in Delhi and made the public
aware of it severity. It has been proved that
the cause of pollution in Delhi is basically
the increasing number of automobile,
vehicles with poor maintenance running on
the street that cause emission containing
poisonous gases and carbon particles. The
heritage monuments in Delhi are also
getting affected because of the pollution.
The institution recommended the use of
CNG – Compressed Natural Gas as fuel
for vehicles to overcome the pollution
problem. Based on this recommendation,
the Supreme Court issued an order of using
CNG for public transport vehicles, in 1998.
Later, a policy of permitting only those
vehicles as roadworthy, which passed the
test of ‘Pollution Under control – PUC’
was adopted. It was decided that vehicles
without ‘PUC’ certificate will not qualify
for insurance and renewal of insurance.
Several centres issuing PUC certificates
were opened. Chemical effluents drained
into rivers and streams is the major source
of water pollution.
Efforts of a number of environment
activists have contributed significantly to
environment conservation and preservation.
Among them, Sundarlal Bahuguna (‘Chipko’
Movement), Medha Patkar (‘Narmada
Bachao’ Movement) and Dr. Rajendra
Singh (Water Conservation) are some
prominent names.
The pollution of water and food is
increasing because of artificial and nonbiodegradable materials like plastic and
pesticides. This is also causing degradation
of the soil. It causes a spurt of various
diseases in humans, animals and plants
that creates a harmful situation for general
health Three experiments in Maharashtra, in
the context of conservation and preservation
of environment are indeed worthy of
mention
Rahibai Popere : On 8th March 2018,
Rahibai Popere was felicitated by the
President of India by ‘Nari Shakti Award’.
This award was given to her for her work
in ‘Kalasubai Parisar Biyanee Samvardhan
Samiti’. She is popularly
known as ‘Beejmata’
(Seed Mother). She has
worked for preserving
seeds of native cultivars
for the future generations.
Her grandson got ill
because of the diet
consisting of food made
with hybrid varieties of food-grains and
vegetables of lesser quality. She thought of
native varieties of food-grains to overcome
the problem. She decided to grow the foodgrains and vegetables of native variety to
meet her family’s needs.
She began to do
it and store the seeds of those landraces
(Deshi Van). Bitter gourd (karle), Spinach
(palak), Amaranthus Tricolour (tandulja/lal
math), Sweet beans (hyacinth beans/pavata),
Bitter beans / twisted beans (kadu wal),
Ghevada (kidney beans), Groundnut
(bhuimoog), Barnyard millet (varai),
varieties of rice - Dhavul Bhat, Kalbhat.
Ambemohor, Black Gram (udid), etc. She
did not confine her efforts only to her
family; but, through micro banking groups
(bachat gat) she spread it to the surrounding
villages.
The movement started by her grew
well with the partnership of ‘Bharatiya
Agro Industries Foundation (BAIF)’.
Rahibai preserves the seeds in earthen
pots. Once filled she closes the pot by
plastering its mouth by a mixture of soil
and cow dung. This method saves the seeds
from insects and ants. Before closing the
pot the seeds are covered with a layer of
ash and neem leaves. Now in her seed
bank she has a collection of more than 50
landraces of food-grains and 30 landraces
of vegetables. She is one of the three Indian
women selected as ‘Women of the Year
2018’ by BBC, among 100 women from
various countries.
associates work for the
conservation of nature
through an institute,
called ‘Sahyadri Nisarg
Mitra’. In 1999, Bhau
Katdare read about the
‘White-breasted Sea
Eagle’ as an endangered
species. He began his
work in Ratnagiri district to save and
conserve this bird. He created public
awareness about this bird by trekking the
sea coast of the district. In this, he found
out 62 nesting sites of the bird. While doing
this, he and his associates detected some
instances of smuggling of the nests of birds
known as ‘Indian Swiftlets’ (Pakoli) at
Bandra island, which is located near
Vengurla Rocks, in the vicinity of the
Nivati port in Sindhudurg district. The nests
were smuggled out and sold in foreign
countries. There was a need to save these
birds and their nests. ‘Sahyadri Nisarg
Mitra’ worked in that direction. As a result
Indian Swiftlets were included in Schedule
‘I’ (a list of wildlife, offence against which
is punishable) of the ‘Wildlife Protection
Act - 1972’.
This is a remarkable contribution
of ‘Sahyadri Nisarga Mitra’.
‘Sahyadri Nisarg Mitra’ also worked
for the protection of Olive Ridley turtles.
The females of this species come to Velas
beach (Ratnagiri district) for nesting. Bhau
Katdare and his associates planned an
operation for the protection of these nests.
In the first year, they were successful in
protecting 50 nests. 2734 baby turtles from
those 50 nests, were successfully released
back into the sea. This proved to be a start
of an annual event, ‘Turtle Festival’.
Hundreds of tourists come every year to
watch the occasion of baby turtles returning
to sea. To accommodate them facilities for
‘Home Stay’ were developed. The peasants
were trained for the management of ‘Home Stay’. Thus, efforts for conservation of
nature resulted into development of tourism
as well. The news of this development was
well appreciated in Maharashtra. Now,
Bhau Katdare and his associates are
working for the protection of the endangered
‘Pangolin’ (ant eater/Khavalya Manjar).
Premsagar Mestri : The number of
vultures is rapidly decreasing in India.
Vultures are the scavengers in the nature.
Two species of vultures, ‘Long billed
Vultures’ and ‘White back Vultures’ are
observed in the region around Raigad.
Premsagar Mestri and his associates are
working for increasing their numbers and to
make available safe food for them through
‘Society for Eco Endangered Species
Conservation and Protection-SEESCAP’, a
non-governmental organisation. Painkillers
(a drug called diclophenac) given to animals
has proved to be toxic for vultures. Besides,
dearth of trees with adequate height, scarcity
of food, have also caused the decrease in
vulture population. People working for
SEESCAP are gradually getting success in
changing these circumstances.
12.1.3 Education
1990 was declared as the ‘International
Year of Literacy’. The State Government
resolved to make Kerala a state with 100%
literacy, in the international year of literacy.
Accordingly, Kerala became the first state
in India to become a state with 100%
literacy
The campaign of literacy in Kerala
included training of reading, writing,
mathematical skills, importance of hygiene
and cleanliness, vaccination of children, cooperative agriculture and importance of
saving money. During the campaign for
literacy, some additional problems were
observed. Many senior citizens who
participated in the campaign had eyesight
related problems, which were unattended
before.
Many of the unskilled labourers
could not afford the medical eye examination
and cost of spectacles. In order to help
them, free medical camps for eye
examination and distribution of spectacles
were arranged. Then people could easily
attend the literacy classes. This is an
example of a problem solved with combined
will power of the government and people. The first district in Kerala to become
completely literate was Ernakulum.
Announcement to this effect was made on
4th February 1990.
Education – with special reference
to Maharashtra
The transformation of India is true
in the field of education as well. The
‘National Council of Educational
Research and Training’, Delhi suggested
some modifications in the school syllabi
and the structure of school text books.
The guidelines in the new syllabi were
based on democratic principles, social
justice, awareness of duties and
responsibilities, gender equality, protection
of environment, eradication of
superstitions, population, education as
also norms of individual behavior.
The
syllabi were also oriented toward
increasing the awareness of national
unity in diversity. Training programmes
for teachers are arranged all over
Maharashtra for intensifying the efforts
to fulfill the objectives of the new syllabi.
It helped to bring awareness regarding
the state level training and school text
books, comparable to the awareness
created at the time of ‘National Literacy
Mission’.
In 1990, the report of ‘Acharya Ram
Murti Committee’ was received by the
Government of India. The committee
examined the National Educational Policy
(NEP). The committee in its report
emphasised on universalisation of
education, education for women and
backward classes and educational
democracy The committee recommended
to include education in fundamental
rights and to raise the government funds
allotted to education.
Beside it, the matter of the weight
of a schoolbag that a child has to carry,
was also carefully considered and
directives in this aspect were laid out.
The practice of interviewing children
before school admission was banned.
In
the new millennium, the Government
under ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ set the
following objectives. To enrol every
children in school to raise the standard
of education; to eliminate the gender
discrimination in education, to achieve
100 % attendance in schools by 2010.
Central Schools, with uniform syllabi
were created throughout the country so
that the wards of Central Government’s
and Armed Forces employees may not
have to suffer from obstructions in their
education because of the frequent transfers
of their parents. The Central Schools
focus on sports and extra-curricular
activities along with the academic syllabi.
The programmes like ‘Ratrashala’
(Night Schools), ‘Sakharshala’ (Schools
for the seasonal workers harvesting
sugarcane) deserve a special mention
here.
The first night school in Maharastra
was started by Mahatma Jotirao Phule in
the 19th century. A number of night
schools are run in Maharashtra, inspired
by Mahatma Phule’s work. This
programme is specially meant to benefit
the students who work in daytime. In the
season of sugarcane harvesting, many
labourers migrate temporarily to the sites
of various sugar factories. To facilitate
the education of their children special
schools, known as ‘Sakharshala’ were
started in the vicinity of sugar factories.
The State administration is taking help
of voluntary organisations to increase
literacy rate. This has helped in achieving
100% literacy in the districts of
Sindhudurg and Wardha. It provided
an impetus to adult education. The
government provided books to school
children for supplementary reading.
Primary Education
In 1994, District Primary Education
Programme (DPEP) was started aiming at
providing access to primary education to
all. This programme was implemented in
seven states of Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
Haryana and Assam. This programme was
aimed at achieving hundred percent
registration and attendance of children in
primary schools and bringing down the
number of drop-outs. This programme was
financially supported by the World Bank.
Mid Day Meal (Shaley Poshan Ahar) :
This programme was implemented from
15th August 1995, to provide mid day
meals to children in primary schools.
Wherever, facilities to cook the food in
school was not available, food-grains were
distributed to each child.
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – SSA :
“Let’s all learn, Let’s all progress” was the motto of this
programme. With this motto, the programme
was launched in 2001. The right of free
education was granted to children in the
age group of 6-14 vide the ‘86th Amendment
to the Constitution of India’. The main
objective of ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ was
to eliminate the disproportion in the access
to primary education.
Earlier programmes
like ‘Khadu-Phala Yojana’, ‘Mid Day
Meal’ were combined with this programme
to make it successful. This programme gave
special attention to the education of girls
and children with special needs (Diyang).
To achieve universalisation of education
in India, ‘EDUSAT’ (GSAT-3)’, a satellite
was launched in 2004. For the purpose of
reaching out to children all over the country
six communication zones and accordingly
six channels were created. This programme
facilitated distance education in regional
language in all parts of the country.
12.2 Sports
There were times, when the Indian
hockey team used to return home victorious
from international matches; Indian wrestlers
like Khashaba Jadhav earned fame in
international wrestling. In the course of
globalisation some new
sports became popular
and many sportspersons
emerged from various
parts of the country. With
globalisation, one thing
had become very clear
that sportspersons with
extraordinary skills will
only rise in their career.
Present scenario
of the sports world has an unmistakable
message that yesteryears of success do not
guarantee a success today or tomorrow. In
other words, a champion in the past may
lose his position any time, if he does not
keep up the hard work. It is essential for
sportspersons in all fields to prove
themselves every time they play.
New records have been made every
day to break the old ones. The formats and
the rules of the games are being modified
time and again.
Let’s elaborate this with
the example of the game of cricket. In the
olden days, a cricket match used to run for
five days. Then one-day matches were
introduced and then the cricket matches
were limited only to 20 overs. Earlier, a
wrestling match was not concluded till one
of the wrestlers was pinned down (chitpat
karane) completely. However, now a
wrestling match gets concluded on the basis
of points scored by the wrestlers.
Today there are many types of sports,
such as, Kabaddi, Hockey, Cricket,
Swimming, Badminton, Weightlifting,
Shooting, Chess, Motor sports, Sky Diving,
Boxing, Archery, Wrestling, Football
(Soccer), Tennis, Table Tennis (Ping-pong),
Billiards and Snooker, Mallakhamb, Body
building, and so on. Media and news
channels have special slots for these games.
There are a number of sports journals
published in India. Some television channels
are devoted to sports. The audience of sport
channels, advertisements shown on these
channels, time slots and expenses of these
advertisements are vital factors, which have
shaped an independent sphere of marketing.
There are independent clubs/associations
of each sport established in India. These
associations are investing on large scale in
sportspersons on individual merit.
A football
player may be adopted professionally by a
football club. Then the club would take
care of the player including his training.
He/she has to sign a professional contract
with the club. The player’s name gets
associated with the club. The IPL matches
of cricket, the World Cup matches of one
day cricket and 20-20 cricket or the matches
organisd by the Pro Kabaddi League in
India, presently known as ‘Vivo Kabaddi
League’ are the examples of
professionlisation of the sports world. The
professionally played matches have gained
worldwide audience.
That has resulted in
the increase of the honourarium of the
players.
The government is also taking a note
of sportspersons for their performance.
Sportspersons, who perform extraordinarily
well are honoured with
various awards. Sachin
Tendulkar was awarded
with the highest award
of ‘Bharat Ratna’ by the
government. He was
nominated as ‘Member
of Rajyasabha’
(Khasdar). The
sportspersons are receiving
more popular support and
respect. Sports are more and more perceived
as prospective professional careers for the
youth. Sport has become an inseparable
part of school and college education.
National Sports Policy : The
participation of sportspersons in international
sports tournaments, increasing use of science
and modern technology in the field of
sports is reflected in the sports policy of
every nation. Government of India
announced its sports policy in 2001.
The
main objectives of this policy include, to
take sports to all parts of India, to help
the players to develop special skills, to
build supportive and fundamental sports
facilities, to help National Sports Federation
of India and associated institutions and
search for sports talent, to initiate cooperation from industries, corporate and
private institutions for the cause of sports,
to create awareness of the importance of
sports and interest in sports, among people.
In 2011, Government of India announced
a scheme named as ‘Come and Play’.
Through this scheme, five sports complexes
in Delhi under ‘Sports Authority of India
(SAI)’ were made available to local youth.
They were also provided with an opportunity
to train under SAI coaches. The next step
of the efforts of developing sports was the
founding of National Sports University, at
Manipur in 2018. The courses include
Bachelor and Master’s, M. Phil and Ph.D.
courses in sports education, sports
management, sports psychology, coaching
etc.
Research in sports is also encouraged.
Khelo India : The Indian government
launched a new scheme named, ‘Khelo
India’ by combining some old schemes and
some new objectives. The scheme was
launched with the objective of creating a
larger popular platform and to establish
excellence in sports. The scheme has 12
basic aspects. Two major aspects among
them are to create interest about sports
among students from early days in school
and to increase girls’ participation in sports.
The ‘National Sports Development
Fund’ was established for the development
of sports. A donation to this fund is eligible
for 100% exemption from income tax. The
‘Rajiv Gandhi Khelratna’ award was
announced with an intention of encouraging
players. Apart from this, there are other
awards like ‘Arjun Award’, ‘Dhyanchand
Lifetime Achievement Award’, ‘Dronacharya
Award’, ‘Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Trophy’ and ‘National Sports Encouragement
Award’.
The sportspersons, who win gold
medal in Olympic games are awarded
Rs.75,00,000 each. The teams and
sportsperson, who win gold, silver and
bronze medals in various competitions such
as Para Olympic, Asiad, Commonwealth,
World Cup, Asian Championship,
International University Tournaments,
International tournaments for the disabled,
Cricket tournaments for visually impaired,
etc., are given good amount of rewards and
jobs.
Besides, there is provision of pension
for the retired sportspersons. Since 2018, a
winner of the Olympics is granted a pension
of Rs.20,000 per month and a winner of
the Asian games is granted Rs.12,000 per
month.
Thus, the Government of India is
opening many avenues for making the
youth aware of sports as life career.
Students can avail of many opportunities in
this field.
12.3 Cultural Heritage and Tourism
Tourism industry is a continuously
developing field. This industry earns the
country foreign exchange on a large scale.
The number of tourists visiting India and
Find out and tell us.
• Make a list of employment
opportunities generated by the
tourism industry.
• Suggest ways and means to
enhance heritage and historical
tourism in India.
the revenue earned through them is
increasing every year.
Government is trying
to create various facilities for the
convenience of tourists visiting India from
other countries. The three ministries of
Home Affairs, Tourism and Foreign Affairs
together created the facility of e-visa for
them, which included e-business visa,
e-medical visa and e-visa. A service giving
information on mobile to the tourists not
only in Hindi and English but also in ten
other foreign languages for 24 hours
throughout the week was started. These
languages include Arabic, French, German,
Italian, Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Russian
and Spanish. This information is made
available by the Ministry of Tourism. For
this facility the tourists have to dial 1363.
The information covers various topics like
cruise tours, adventurous sports tourism,
health tourism, facilities for sports like golf
and polo, eco-friendly tourism, film festivals
and so on.
Institutes for systematic training of soft
skills, such as proper manners of receiving
and helping tourists, communicating with
them have been opened. Hotels with
amenities and accommodation of premium
quality are available to tourists. Institutes
offering training courses in ‘Hospitality and
Hotel Management’ have been established
in many cities in the country.
‘Atulya Bharat’, an advertisement
campaign designed to boost tourism, was
INTACH – Indian National
Trust for Art and Cultural
Heritage : This institute was
established in Delhi, in 1984. The
head office of INTACH is in Delhi.
Today INTACH is well known for its
work. It is working in the field of
heritage conservation and creating
awareness about it. It has more than
200 branches in various parts of the
nation. In the last 35 years INTACH
has worked for tangible heritage in
the form of natural heritage and
cultural heritage as well as intangible
heritage.
INTACH works through its
various departments such as,
architectural heritage, natural heritage,
material heritage, intangible cultural
heritage, heritage education and
communication services, sculpture
section, ‘INTACH Heritage Academy’,
heritage tourism, listing cell, library,
archives and documentation. INTACH
has done notable work in Maharashtra
too.
For further reference visit : www.
intach.org
carried out extensively. To boost tourism to
places of unique nature and culture in the
northeastern states of India, the travel show
entitled ‘GONORTHEAST’ was released on
the Discovery channel. Through the
‘Swadesh Darshan’ programme 13 types of
pilgrimage tours have been launched. It
includes tours to Himalayas, coastal regions,
Buddhist centres, etc.
The information of several uniquely
featured tourist places in India, is being
publicised through electronic and digital
media. Channels like ‘BBC’, ‘Discovery’,
‘History’ are running programmes
introducing India’s historical and cultural
heritage to the world. It will help to
increase the number of tourists coming to
India from countries like America, France,
Japan, etc. ‘Swadesh Darshan’ or ‘Prasad’
scheme launched by the Ministry of Tourism
of the Indian government has chalked out
tours to pilgrim centres and spiritual centres
in India. There are 95 such places, which
are included in this scheme.
Trimbakeshwar
in Maharashtra is one among them. The
Ministry of Tourism, Government of India
and Federation of Associations in Indian
Tourism and Hospitality (FAITH) organised
Indian Tourism Mart- 2018. It was the
first event of its kind organised on the
model of international Tourism Marts in
other countries.
In this lesson we have reviewed the
transformation in various fields in our
country, such as social matters, education,
health, environment, sports and tourism. We
studied some aspects of transforming India.