Nature and Scope Exercise | Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 Nature and Scope
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1. Identify the correct group.
Q: 1.
| A | B | C | D |
| Geomorphology | Cartography | Tourism | Political Geography |
| Climatology | Survey Forest | Conservation | Physical Geography |
| Biogeography | Data collection | Wildlife Conservation | Population Geography |
| Historical Geography | GIS/GPS | Culture Conservation | Economic Geography |
Solution:
B
Q: 2.
| A | B | C | D |
| History | Economics | Biogeography | Geomorphology |
| Sociology | Geology | Population Geography | GIS |
| Demography | Remote sensing | Cartography | Demography |
| Political Science | Climatology | Psychology | Pedology |
Solution:
A
2. Give geographical reasons.
Q: 1. Human Geography is multidisciplinary in nature.
Solution:
- Human geography is the branch of geography dealing with human activities and their influence on culture, communities and economies.
- In human geography every social science studies separately has interface with branch of human geography; because of their spatial attributes.
- Social sciences like sociology, political science, economics, history and demography are very closely related with branches of human geography, such as social geography, political geography, economic geography and historical geography, respectively.
- Since, we study varied branches of geography in human geography, it is said to be multidisciplinary in nature.
Q: 2. Geography is dynamic in nature.
Solution:
- Most geographical phenomena whether physical or human are not static and can change overtime.
- In economic geography, we study economic activities as well as factors affecting their distribution and changes.
- In climatology we study changes in temperature and rainfall due to global warming. Depending upon the changes in climate, changes are made in cropping patterns.
- Geographers study relationship between production, distribution and geographical factors.
- For example, tea is grown on a large scale in the State of Assam due to high temperature, heavy rainfall, red soil, hilly relief, cheaper water transportation due to the Brahmaputra River and cheap and skilled labour supply from nearby States of Bihar and Orissa.
- We study weather over a period of about 30 years and decide climate of that place or population of a country or the world over a period of time. Since, changes occur time to time.
- Thus, geography is dynamic in nature.
Q: 3. Geography is dualistic in nature.
Solution:
- There are two contrasting approaches to study the subject of geography. They are possibilism and environmental determinism. This contrast in approaches is called as dualism in geography.
- Some geographers are of the view that nature is more dominant than man. It is called environmental determinism. According to them, when we study geography, we study the earth. We study how natural resources have influence on economic activities, as well as food habits of people.
- For example, in coastal areas fishing activity is more developed and fish is the main food of the people.
- Some geographers are of opinion that man dominates the nature. It is called possibilism. According to them man can make changes in nature due to his intelligence.
- For example, there are polyhouses even in polar areas, in which temperature is controlled artificially and vegetables are grown.
- There are many other thinkers who have different approaches in geography.
- Thus, the study of geography is dualistic in nature.
3. Write short notes on.
Q: 1. Physical Geography is related to various branches of science.
Solution:
- Almost every discipline, under natural and social sciences is linked with geography.
- Geomorphology, Climatology, Oceanography and Biogeography are the branches of physical geography.
- Geomorphology studies landforms, rock types, processes of formation of rocks, landforms, etc. Therefore, it is related to geology.
- Climatology studies elements of atmosphere such as temperature, winds, rainfall, humidity, natural disasters like cyclones, anticyclones, storms, etc. Therefore, it is related to meteorology.
- Oceanography studies oceans and seas on the surface of the earth, ocean currents, ocean routes, etc. Therefore, it is related to Hydrology.
- Biogeography studies the distribution of plants and animals, their species, ecosystems, etc. Therefore, it is related to biology.
- Knowledge of mathematics is important for cartographic techniques, such as drawing of maps and diagrams. Similarly, knowledge of statistics is useful to do data analysis since various statistical techniques and hypotheses testing are used in data analysis.
- Thus, physical geography is related to various branches of sciences.
Q: 2. Branches of Geography.
Solution:
- There are three major branches of Geography – Physical Geography, Human Geography and Geographic Techniques.
- Geography has various sub-branches; however, the four major sub-branches of Physical Geography are Geomorphology, Climatology, Biogeography and Oceanography.
- Human geography comprises of six sub-branches, Historical Geography, Political Geography, Economic Geography, Behavioural Geography, Social Geography and Population Geography.
- Geographic Techniques have four branches, namely, remote sensing, quantification methods in geography, cartography and Geographic Information System [GIS].
Q: 3. Latest trends in Geography.
Solution:
- Currently, the explanation of all geographic phenomena depends upon the cause and effect relationship.
- Geographers developed number of disciplines within its boundaries.
- Number of techniques for analysis and prediction through data collection and modelling are also developed by geographers.
- Due to the dynamic nature of geography, new things are added in the subject.
- Use of audio-visual media and information technology has enriched the database.
- The latest technology of software has brought about better opportunities in data collection, interpretation, analysis and presentation.
- Presently, the Use of GIS and GPS has become essential. Therefore, maps are made by using GIS software and have proved to be more accurate.
- Nowadays the use of mathematical modelling and computer models in applied geography has increased. They are used for prediction of weather changes or natural calamities.
- The above mentioned are all the latest trends in Geography.
Q: 4. Skills required for studying geography.
Solution:
- The skills required to study the methods and techniques used in geography have made the study of geography empirical and practical in nature.
- The study of geography is based on theory and observation. It is supported by the scientific study like data collection and data analysis through number of tools and techniques.
- The geographers developed skills for conducting surveys with the help of advanced technology. They have also acquired the skills to make use of satellite images for data collection.
- The geographers have attained the skills for experiments, data collection, data organisation, observation patterns, data analysis, research findings, etc.
- The geographers have learnt analytical techniques of data with the help of statistical techniques and representation of statistical data using graphs and maps.
4. Answer the following Q:s in detail.
Q: 1. Explain how the knowledge of Geography is important in our day-to-day life. Give examples.
Solution:
- The knowledge of geography is important in our day-to-day life because with geographical knowledge we can understand the basic physical systems that affect our everyday life.
- For example, the earth-sun relationship, water cycle, wind, ocean currents, etc.
- For the effective functioning of different places, we learn the physical and cultural characteristics of places.
- With the help of geography, we can understand the geography of the past, how geography had played an important role in the evolution of people, their ideas, places and environment.
- We can prepare a map of a province or territory, country and the world, so that one can understand the location of various countries. For example, the political map of the Asian continent gives idea about location of Asian countries.
- With the help of various distribution maps, we can understand distribution of minerals, crops, population, etc., in the world. For example, with the help of dot map we can understand spatial distribution of population in the world.
- With the help of economic geography, we can understand the development of economic activities in different countries of the \yorld and their correlation with physical and economic factors. For example, we can study the world’s leading areas in fishing activities and their reasons.
- With the help of climatology, we understand atmospheric phenomenon, such as cyclones, global warming, etc.
- The study of sustainable development in geography teaches us to appreciate the earth as humankind’s homeland and provide an insight for wise management decisions about the usage of the earth’s resources.
- With the help of geography, we can understand global inter-dependence to become a better global citizen.
- Thus, with the help of geography, we can study physical features, economic activities, trade, people, etc., in the world.
Q: 2. Discuss the relationship between Geography and other subjects.
Solution:
- Geography is related to almost every discipline under natural and social sciences. There are three major branches of Geography, namely, Physical Geography, Human Geography and Geographic Techniques.
- Geography has various sub-branches; however, the four major sub-branches of Physical Geography are Geomorphology, Climatology, Biogeography and Oceanography.
- In Geomorphology we study the formation and types of landforms, gradient, rock structure, etc. This is related to the subject of geology.
- In Climatology we study the atmospheric elements such as temperature winds, rainfall, humidity, natural disasters like cyclones, anticyclones, storms, etc. This it is related to the subject of meteorology.
- In Oceanography we study the ocean currents, ocean routes, coastal features, submarine relief, etc., of oceans and seas. This it is related to the subject of hydrology.
- In geography of soil, we study the components, layers, texture, and fertility of the soil, etc. This is related to the subject of pedology.
- Human geography comprises of six sub-branches, Historical Geography, Political Geography, Economic Geography, Behavioural Geography, Social Geography and Population Geography. In historical geography, we study the correlation of historical events with geographical factors. This is related to the subject of history.
- In Political Geography, we study the effect of geographical factors on political events. This is related to the subject of political science.
- In Economic Geography, we study the correlation of geographical factors and economic activities. This is related to the subject of economics.
- Similarly, Behavioural Geography, Social Geography and Population Geography are related to the subjects of psychology, sociology and demography respectively.
- Thus, it can be concluded by saying that geography has a strong relationship with other subjects in natural as well as human or social sciences.
Q: 3. Explain the nature of Geography in detail.
Solution:
- Geography is the study of the earth as a home of man, and various phenomena related to it.
- Therefore, geography is the study of the physical environment in relation to man. The physical environment has direct effect on cultural and social environments.
- The earth is dynamic in nature. Hence, we find variations in its physical and cultural/social environments.
- In geography we study the relation between the physical environment and production, distributions and their patterns and variations.
- Geographers study the location, geographical phenomena, whether physical or human, which are highly dynamic and its causes.
- Since geography is the study of space and time it makes geography dynamic in nature.
- In geographical study, the geographer tries to answer Q:s like what, why, where and when.
5. Differentiate between.
Q: 1. Physical Geography and Human Geography
Solution:
| Physical Geography | Human Geography |
| (i) Physical Geography is the branch of geography dealing with natural features. | (i) Human Geography is the branch of geography dealing with how human activities influence the culture, communities, economies, etc. |
| (ii) Geomorphology, Climatology, Oceanography, Biogeography, Geography of soils, are the branches of Physical Geography. | (ii) Historical Geography, Political Geography, Economic Geography, Behavioural Geography, Social Geography and Population Geography are the branches of Human Geography. |
| (iii) Physical geography is natural science. | (iii) Human geography is a social science. |
Q: 2. Possibilism and Determinism.
Solution:
| Possibilism | Determinism |
| (i) When man dominates nature, it is called possibilism. | (i) When nature dominates man, it is called determinism. |
| (ii) Due to intelligence, man makes changes in the natural environment. | (ii) Determinism asserts that development of human history, culture, society, lifestyle, etc., are shaped by their physical environment. |
| (iii) There are limitations to changes made by man in nature. | (iii) There are no limitations on impact of physical environment on human activities. |
6. Draw a neat and well-labelled diagrams
Q: 1. Relationship between Geography and other subjects.
Solution:
Q: 2. Skills required to study Geography.
Solution:
Nature and Scope Notes| Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 8 Nature and Scope
Geographical explanation
While studying geography, you have learnt
about the physical environment of the earth as
well as the human activities and their interactive
relationship with each other. The nature of
the earth’s surface is full of variations. There
are various features with variations such as
mountains, hills, plains, plateaus, oceans, rivers,
lakes, deserts and many more.
Climatic patterns
on the global and local level, its impact on
vegetation and wildlife, wind patterns, soils and
its types, etc. are also studied in Geography. Types
of landforms, submarine relief, ocean currents,
salinity, etc. are also studied by a geographer. All
these physical aspects affect human populations.
These factors bring about variations in social
and cultural features too, which changes from
place to place and time to time.
This variation is observed in the forms of settlements, transportation networks, ports,
markets and many other elements created by
man, across the entire period of their cultural
development. Thus, the subject matter of
Geography can be divided into two major themes
: physical factors and human factors. This has
given rise to two branches in Geography- Physical
and Human Geography.
Thus, Physical Geography includes the study
of landforms, drainage, relief, slope (lithosphere),
composition, structure, weather and climate,
winds, precipitation, climate types (atmosphere),
oceans, seas, lakes, rivers (hydrosphere) and
life forms including human being and macroorganism, ecosystem, food chain, ecological
balance (biosphere).
Human Geography studies
relationship between man and his environment
and distribution of various attributes related to
humans social and environmental phenomena
around the world.
Nature of Geography as a discipline :
Geography is a study of the earth and
phenomena related to it. The earth is dynamic.
We find there are variations in its physical and
cultural environments. Geographers study these
distributions, their patterns and these variations.
In addition, geographers also study the causes
behind these phenomena.
Thus, a geographer
is interested in knowing the cause and effect
relationship between these distributions and
patterns. For example, a geographer studies
various crops in different regions. He understands
that this is a result of different climates, soils,
demand in the market and application of
technologies, etc. By studying a region, he can
tell what type of economic activities are most
suitable for a region.
Also, a geographer studies ‘space’ or ‘area’
or a ‘geographical location’.
Moreover, these
geographical phenomena, whether physical
or human, are not static but highly dynamic.
They change over time. For example, we study
weather over a period of time (roughly 30 years)
and decide the climate of a place.
The population of India or world over a
period of time, development of a landform or the
age of the earth are various phenomena which are
of interest to a geographer as they are concerned
with ‘time’.
Thus, Geography is a study of
‘space’ and ‘time’. This makes Geography
dynamic in nature. In short, a geographer tries
to answer the questions : Where, ‘When, What
and Why.’
The skills required to study Geography and
the methods and techniques used in Geography
make it empirical and practical in nature. See
fig. 8.1. The study is very scientific and is always
supplemented with experiments, data, observation
patterns, data analysis and research findings.
It is not just based on theory but supported by
evidence based on data collection and analysis
through various tools and techniques.
Initially, Geography has developed through
observations. When we look back at the history
of the subject, we find that earlier scholars of the
subject have written a lot about the description of
the earth.
Notable among them is the work of a
Greek scholar called Hecataeus. His book GesPeriodus (description of the earth), which was
published most probably before the end of the
6th century BC. It is the first systemic description
of the world. It also gives a detailed account
of the Mediterranean Sea, islands, straits and
describes the general outline of all the countries
of the world.
(Fig. 8.2) Ptolemy’s ‘Geography’
was another book on general description and also included an atlas. Another book by a Roman
scholar called Strabo was ‘Geographica’, which
is an encyclopaedia of geographical knowledge,
consisting of 17 ‘volumes’. (fig. 8.3)
Thus, the skills acquired by a geographer
enables him to make observations and describe
the various elements he sees on the earth. These
skills of the geographer have enriched the subject
as newer branches of geography keep developing
with time.
When you discuss these points you realise
that they are two contrasting approaches to
study Geography. For example, does nature rule
us or does man rule the nature? When we study
Geography, shall we study various regions in
which a sector is distributed or study various
sectors in a region? These are some of the
questions, a geographer faces while studying.
This contrast is known as Dualism in Geography.
It refers to existence of two contrasting or
separate approaches in Geography. For
example, some geographers are of the view
that nature is more dominant than man. This
is called environmental determinism. While
others think that man dominates the nature, they
believe in possibilism. There are many other
such dualistic approaches in Geography. This
makes Geography dualistic in nature.
We find that almost every discipline, under
natural and social sciences, is linked with
Geography. (See Fig. 8.4) Geology, Meteorology,
Hydrology and Pedology are linked with the fields
of Physical Geography such as Geomorphology,
Climatology, Oceanography and Geography
of Soils, respectively. Similarly, knowledge
of Mathematics is essential for cartographic
techniques. Drawing of maps and diagrams
requires understanding of Mathematics.
To
do data analysis, geographers use various
statistical techniques and hypotheses testing.
In case of Human Geography, every
social science studied separately has interface
with branch of Human Geography because of
their spatial attributes. Social sciences such as
Sociology, Political science, Economics, History
and Demography are closely linked with the
branches of Human Geography like Social,
Political, Economic, Population and Historical
Geography, respectively.
Latest Trends in Geography :
A geographer explains the phenomena in a
frame of cause and effect relationship. It helps in
analysis but also predicts the future through data
collection and modelling. This opens up intra and
inter-disciplinary avenues and widens the scope
of Geography. The dynamic nature of Geography
keeps adding new things in the subject. The
audio-visual media and Information Technology
have enriched the database. Technology, use
of computers and softwares, has offered better
opportunities in data collection, interpretation,
analysis and presentation. Use of GPS and GIS has become a mandatory aspect of geographical
studies. Mapping is now mostly done using GIS
softwares.
Thus, knowledge of computers is now
an added skill that a geographer requires. Use of
Apps has also further enhanced its applications
in daily life. Mathematical modelling and
computer models are now increasingly being
used in Applied Geography. The future growth
and density of population, use of land, intensity
of cropping and migration, pattern of population,
industrialization, urbanization and growth of
cities and slums are being predicted with the help
of such models.
These are increasingly being used
in the forecast of weather, change of climate,
change in sea level, environmental pollution,
soil erosion, forests depletion and evolution of
landforms. Advanced statistical techniques and
computer programmes are being used in studying
and explaining geographical phenomena
depending on the collection of reliable data about
earth surface phenomena. The use of computer helps in measurement of numerous elements in
the geographic environment.
With such a vast scope and dynamic
developments occurring in the subject, it
has become a lucrative option as a career.
Besides being a popular and lucrative subject
and providing a good base of knowledge in
competitive examinations, Geography offers
great careers with a combination of various
hard and soft skills. Here is a list of major career
possibilities in Geography. (Table 8.3) In some
cases, knowledge of disciplines in combination
with Geography also becomes imperative.
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Maharashtra State Board 12th Std Geography Textbook Solutions Digest
| Chapter No | Chapter Name |
| Chapter 1 | Population Part 1 |
| Chapter 2 | Population Part 2 |
| Chapter 3 | Human Settlements and Land Use |
| Chapter 4 | Primary Economic Activities |
| Chapter 5 | Secondary Economic Activities |
| Chapter 6 | Tertiary Economic Activities |
| Chapter 7 | Region and Regional Development |
| Chapter 8 | Geography: Nature and Scope |