Region and Regional Development Exercise | Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 7 Solution

Region and Regional Development Exercise | Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 7 Region and Regional Development

1. Identify the correct group.

Q: 1.

A	B	C	D
Satpuda	Yavatmal	Thar	Marathwada
Deccan	Amravati	Sahara	Khandesh
Alps	Solapur	Himalaya	Vidarbha
Rockies	Greater Mumbai	Gobi	Konkan

Solution:

D

Q: 2.

A	B	C	D
Plain	Pressure	Tropical forest	Fishing
Lake	Rivers	Thorny forest	Lumbering
Mountain	Temperature	Mangrove forest	Agriculture
Plateau	Humidity	Deciduous forest	Bakery

Solution:

C

2. Differentiate between.

Q: 1. Functional region and Formal region

Solution:

Functional region	Formal region
(i) Specific to one area.	(i) Often physical in nature.
(ii) Areas organised around a node or focus one point like university, airport, etc.	(ii) Has specific boundaries that set them apart.
(iii) This region has no common characteristics but functions are more important, functions bind regions together.	(iii) This region has some common characteristics such as common economic activity or common language.
(iv) Often a metropolitan area that consists of major city and lot of smaller towns.	(iv) Homogeneous areas or habitats inhabited by social groups, societies or nation.
(v) The region is tied to a central point by transportation system or economic or functional associations.	(v) Organised and represented by small systems or part systems.
(vi) It functions and works together to form a part of an economic and social system.	(vi) Has clear-cut political boundaries.
(vii) Defined by a set of activities.	(vii) Defined by common political units where all people are subject to same law and government.

Q: 2. Physical and Political region

Solution:

Physical region	Political region
(i) Physical region is an area of land divided by natural borders.	(i) Political region tends to be based on political units such as sovereign states like administrative region, province, states, township, etc.
(ii) For example, interior plains of USA with borders of Appalachian Mountains in the east and Rocky Mountains in the west.	(ii) For example, USA, State of Maharashtra, etc.
(iii) Physical regions are natural regions.	(iii) Political regions are man-made regions.
(iv) Physical regions are almost unchanged regions.	(iv) Political regions are not permanent regions.

3. Write short notes on.

Q: 1. Factors affecting regional development.

Solution:

1. The physical factors like relief, climate, location, population and land use of the region affects the regional development.
2. Regional development occurs near areas with favourable location, plain relief, sufficient rainfall, developed agriculture, transportation, industries and trade. For example, Asian countries have developed agriculture and trade of agricultural goods. USA has developed industries and trade.
3. There is poor development of economic activities in areas with unfavourable relief like mountains or hills and extreme climate. For example, in the northern part of Russia, economic development is poor due to extreme cold climate.
4. Location of the region is an important factor. If there is a long and broken coastline, then there is development of ports and thus development of trade and economy. For example, Japan has economically developed in spite of limited natural resources, due to development of trade.
5. On the other hand, landlocked countries remain isolated. They cannot develop trade due to absence of coastline. Such countries have poor economic development. For example, Afghanistan, Nepal.
6. The economic development in any region depends upon the quantity and quality of its people.
7. Where more suitable land is available, different economic activities are developed. For example, cities use land for various purposes such as industries, education, entertainment, transport, commerce, etc. Therefore, cities have economic development.
8. Hence, physical factors are said to affect the economic development of the region.

Q: 2. Measures to reduce regional imbalance.

Solution:

1. The following measures along with numerous policies are considered by the government to reduce regional imbalance.
2. The underdeveloped regions are identified and its economic, physical and social reasons for the non-development are studied.
3. Regions which require monetary support in a particular sector or field are funded through sector-wise investments to improve the conditions.
4. Subsidies are given to certain sectors. Investment is made for improvements of roads, schools, agriculture, irrigation, industries, housing, medical and health facilities, etc.
5. Special attention is given to areas facing problems such as frequent droughts, deserts or hilly and tribal-dominated areas.
6. The very important strategy to reduce regional imbalances is decentralisation of industries.

4. Give geographical reasons.

Q: 1. Regional development is dependent on physical setting.

Solution:

1. The physical factors like relief, climate and location of the region affect the regional development.
2. Regional development occurs where agriculture, agro-based industries and trade is developed in areas where there is plain relief and sufficient rainfall. For example, Asian countries have developed agriculture and trade of agricultural goods.
3. Plain relief and sufficient rainfall encourage development of transportation and industries.
4. There is poor development of economic activities in areas with unfavourable relief like mountains or hills and extreme climate. For example, in the northern part of Russia, economic development is poor due to extreme cold climate.
5. Location of the country is an important factor. If there is a long and broken coastline, then there is development of trade and economy. For example, Japan has economically developed in spite of limited natural resources, due to the development of trade.
6. On the other hand, landlocked countries remain isolated. They cannot develop trade due to absence of coastline. Such countries have poor economic development. For example, Afghanistan, Nepal.
7. Thus, there is relationship between regional development and physical factors and therefore, we can say the regional development depends on physical factors.

Q: 2. Factors like literacy, poverty affect the regional development.

Solution:

1. Literacy and poverty are the important factors affecting the regional development.
2. High literacy rate determines the quality of human population. This increases the availability of employment opportunities and development of resources, which contributes to the economic growth and regional development.
3. Due to high literacy rate, the population growth is controlled and resources are shared among less people in the country.
4. However, poverty decreases the purchasing powers resulting in a decline in the demand for goods, which reduces the production and drops the economic development and GDP of a country.
5. Hence, poverty and literacy affect regional development.

Q: 3. Development is not seen in the Himalayan region.

Solution:

1. Relief and climate are the most important factors affecting the development of any region.
2. The Himalayan region has high mountains with a steep slope. The climate is cold and the mountains are covered with snow. There is heavy soil erosion and hardly plain land, so agriculture is not developed.
3. In this mountainous region, it is difficult and expensive to develop transportation facilities. Hence, there is poor development of industries.
4. Since all above factors are neither suitable for agricultural, industrial or trade development is not seen in the Himalayan region.

5. Answer the following Q:s in detail.

Q: 1. What is a region?

Solution:

1. A region is an area of a country or any part of the world having common features. Thus, there is a difference between two regions on the basis of its features.
2. The common features may be physical [relief, climate, soil, natural vegetation, etc.], socio¬cultural factors [language, religion, etc.], man-made like political features [administrative or political boundaries].
3. Regions may be small or large. The large regions include sub-regions. For example, the plateau region of India has various sub-regions such as Chota Nagpur plateau, Malwa plateau, Marwar plateau, Deccan plateau, etc.

The main characteristics of regions are :

1. Regions have its geographical location mentioned in latitudes and longitude.
2. Every region has a specific boundary, the area of another region starts beyond that boundary.
3. The extent of a region depends upon the homogeneity of a region.
4. There are sub-regions in one region and therefore regions can be arranged into different orders on the basis of same features.
5. There are two types of regions – formal and functional regions.

1. A formal region is also known as uniform region or homogeneous region. It is an area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. It can be common physical characteristic such as relief or climate of the region. It can be socio-cultural or economic activity such as common language. For example, rice producing regions.

2. In some formal regions, there are boundaries. Thus, district, state or country may be formal region. For example, USA and Canada are the examples of formal regions.

3. In functional regions characteristics are not important but functions are more important.

4. In one functional region, there may be many political or physical regions but due to one common function it is said to be functional. For example, Mumbai metropolitan or Pune metropolitan regions.

5. Functional regions act as a focal point that connects surrounding areas by transportation and communication. For example, Mumbai metropolitan city is well connected with its surrounding areas through transportation.

Q: 2. On what factors are the regions differentiated? Give examples.

Solution:

1. A region is an area of a country or any part of the world with same common features. Thus, regions are differentiated on the basis of physical or man-made or socio-cultural factors.
2. For example, Chota Nagpur plateau region has plateau relief. Himalayan mountain region has mountainous relief. The desert region of Rajasthan has shortage of rainfall and very high temperature. Northern plain region has plain relief, fertile soil and moderate climate.
3. The region may be differentiated on the basis of man-made factors like political factors such as administrative boundaries or political boundaries. For example, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab are two different regions because they have different political boundaries and government bodies.
4. The region may be differentiated on the basis of socio-cultural factors such as language, religion or ethnicity. For example, in Mumbai there is an area, where people speaking Gujarati language live in one region. The Middle East countries form one region where people of Muslim religion stay together.
5. Thus, regions are differentiated on the basis of various factors.

Q: 3. Per capita income is not the real indicator of regional development. Explain.

Solution:

1. The per capita income is the income of per person in the country or region. It is the ratio between the country’s national income and total population.
2. Per capital income is an index of development because more the per capita income, higher the standard of living of people. But it is not always true.
3. The per capita income gives an idea about the average income of people in the country but it does not explain how income is distributed among the people. Some people may be rich and some may be below the poverty line.
4. The per capita income is related to only economic aspect of the country but it does not take into account literacy rate, health, sex ratio, age structure, life expectancy etc.
5. Sometimes rise in per capita income is due to increase in prices of commodities.
6. If the population is low the per capita income will be high, but the regional development will be slow, because such regions have shortage of skilled labour supply for further development. Therefore, we can say that the per capita income is not the real indication of regional development.

6. Find the correlation between land under permanent crops and GDP given in the table 7.5 using Spearman’s Rank Correlation. Write the conclusion in your own words.

Solution:

X₁ = Land under permanent crops

Y₁ = GDP

R₁ = Rank – 1, R₂ = Rank – 2, n = 12 [No. of pairs]

Rank correlation R = 1 – 6Σ[R1−R2]2n[n2−1]

= 1 – 6×11812[144−1]

= 1 – 7081716

= 1 – 0.412

= 0.588

= 0.59

1. The answer of correction between [1] Land under permanent crops [2] GDP is 0.59 or +0.59 which means there is a positive correlation between these two variables.
2. It is not perfect positive correlation [+1.0]. It is slightly less than this i.e. [+0.59].
3. It means when the amount of land under permanent crops is more, GDP is also more and when the amount of land under permanent crops is less, GDP is also less.
4. This is because the production of crops contributes to the growth of GDP.
5. The answer 0.59 suggests that this is not true for all countries as there are other factors, activities, products which are responsible for the growth of GDP other than the production of crops.

Region and Regional Development Notes| Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 7 Region and Regional Development 

Geographical explanation 

You must have realized that small or large areas of land having common features help us to identify them separately. These features can be natural (physical) or man-made (administrative boundaries, political or linguistic). Generally, there is a boundary which demarcates one area from another. A geographical area that distinguishes itself from another area is called a region. These regions can be very small or very large. Natural features which form the basis of a region are physiography, climate, vegetation, soil or wildlife.

 For example, we differentiate between the Himalayan ranges and the Northern Plains of India on the basis of their altitude and topography. Thus, they are considered as two different regions. Socio-cultural factors like, language, ethnicity, etc., political factors like administrative boundaries and economic factors like GDP, are some man-made factors which define a region. For example, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra are two different regions because they have their own boundaries and governments. Similarly, Pune and Ahmednagar are two different districts. 

So they are two different regions. In a region, there can be two or more sub-regions. For example, within the Northern Plains of India, there are various subregions of different plains : the Indus and its tributaries, the Ganga-Yamuna plains and the Brahmaputra-Hooghly plains. Similarly, within a district, there can be talukas. Each of the taluka is a region in itself. 

Each city and village in the Taluka is also considered a region. The classification of regions is thus based on common characteristics. The area which has common characteristics and is homogeneous in nature, constitutes a region. In geographical studies, a region is the basic unit. This helps us to differentiate one area from another. Every region has various attributes :

i) Location : A region must have a geographical location. It can be expressed in latitudes and longitudes.

ii) Spatial extent : Based on homogeneity, the extent of a region can be decided.

 iii) Boundary : A region must have a boundary. Beyond a boundary, there is another region.

 iv) Hierarchical arrangement : A region can be arranged into various orders or sub-regions on the basis of the common characteristics. For example, Northern plains and its subregions.

Types of regions : 

On the basis of characteristics, a region can be divided into physical or political regions. For example, river basins are physical regions while districts are political regions. Both of these are formal regions. A formal region is an area inhabited by people who have one or more characteristics in common.

 Shared characteristics may be a common language, economic activities, such as a particular crop production, or physical characteristics, such as the climate of an area. Some formal regions have distinct boundaries which make them easy to identify, such as countries or states. Examples of formal regions are Europe, Africa, United States and Canada or Assam and West Bengal, etc. 

 On the other hand, functional regions are not bound by any formal characteristic but by a function. A functional region may not be heterogeneous in nature. It may involve more than one type of physical or political regions but still it can be one functional region because that function binds these regions together. For example, Pune Metropolitan Region has various physical regions, many political regions, various villages, talukas and cities in its area. But, the area which comes under Pune Metropolitan Region is bound by the economic activities. 

The regions in the periphery serve the core region with vegetables, flowers and other perishable items. The core area pays the surrounding region value for their products. A functional region is an area organized to function socially and economically as a single unit. Functional regions are centred on a focal point that connects other areas by various systems, such as transportation, communication or economic activities.

 Cities can be considered functional regions because highways, railroads, subways and buses move people from the suburbs to the central areas of the city. Other examples of functional regions are television signal areas of a TV tower, Wireless, Wi-Fi hotspots or pizza delivery areas served by a pizza outlet or milk served by a milk centre. (See fig. 7.1)

 Regional Development : 

We have seen that not all regions are the same in size and population and also in resources. Some regions like the desert regions might have fewer resources while forested regions have huge resources.

In the above table, three regions with their performance in few indicators are shown. On the basis of the given data, we can say that region A performs better in the given indicators than region B or C. Per capita income suggests that region A's income is high and production is high. It also indicates that population is lower than the other regions. 

Lower per capita income could mean that either the population is high or the total income is also less. In general, this indicates the presence of fewer resources and lesser utilisation of these resources. In region A, urbanisation is more than regions B and C. 

At the  same time, net irrigated area to total sown area is also higher. This indicates that the region has good irrigation facilities. Also, consumption of electricity is higher than in the other two regions. These indicators point to the fact that life in this region may be better than in the other two. At the same time, these indicators are not enough to give a complete picture of the region. Indicators like literacy rate, enrolment ratio/ dropout ratio, sex ratio, crime rate against women/children, etc. will give a better picture. 

 There are a number of indicators based on various social, economic, political, cultural and environmental conditions of a region. Thus, development of a region is a function of its resources and its population. There are many factors which affect the development of a region. For the holistic development of a region, skilled human resources and optimum utilisation of natural resources is necessary. 

Thus, regional development is the development of all the regions simultaneously, raising their per capita income and living standards by exploiting their natural and human resources fully 

Factors affecting regional development :

In geographical studies, we consider many factors when we talk about the development of a region. Development itself is a very relative term. There are many indicators of development. Income of the region through various activities, quality and quantity of population, education, life expectancy, poverty, etc. are some indicators of development, but no one indicator can be the only factor to decide the development of a region. 

Considering only one or few factors will never give a holistic view of the region. Generally, development is considered when it takes into account the physical, economic, social, environmental, etc. aspects of a region. Till now, we have studied various aspects of geographical studies like population, land use, various economic activities, etc. Let us now see how each of these will affect the regional development of a region.

Physical factors and regional development :  

 The physical factors like climate and relief of a region affects its development. Areas where land is less fertile, water is scarce, diseases flourish will be less developed. For example, the regions located in the tropical rainforests. On the other hand, fertile land, favourable climate and good rainfall promote the development. For example, Mediterranean region. 

 The physical setting of a region is also very important. If regions are landlocked or located in high mountain ranges or if there is a lack of navigable rivers, long coastlines or good natural harbors, then even in presence of other natural resources, the region may not develop well. Sometimes, there is presence of large resources but climate may not be favourable or population may not be present to exploit the same. For example, Antarctica

Population and regional development :

Population and development are closely interrelated. In fact, all the parameters of development are measured, keeping in mind the population of a region. Population influences development and in turn, is also influenced by development. Quality and quantity of the population are important for development of a region.

Population density, age, sex, fertility, mortality, occupational structure, literacy rate, life expectancy, etc. determine the pressure on resources in the region. At the same time, they can also determine how efficiently the resources in a region will be used by the population. In the five stages of Demographic Transition, the later stages have low birth rates and death rates. 

This will imply that the regions with such low growth will have greater development because there will less population to spend on. At the same time, the quality of the population will be equally important. Population pyramids help to explain employment and consumption patterns, social needs and perhaps the psychological characteristics of population. 

The high dependency ratio may force huge amount of capital resources to be consumed in supporting the dependents. The existence of a relatively large population of working age is associated with higher economic development and high living standards. If migration is high in a region, the region will face problems of using the population for various activities. 

Regions, where people are migrating in large numbers, shows that it has a good employment opportunities or better living conditions, which is a pull factor. Similarly, the migrated population can bring pressure on resources and facilities in the recipient region. You know that higher the population, lower will be the per capita income. 

Per capita income is an important indicator of development. On the other hand, if the population is very low in a region, it may hamper further development, as there will be lack of human capital to exploit the resources  

 Region and Regional Development Exercise | Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 7 Region and Regional Development 

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Maharashtra State Board 12th Std Geography Textbook Solutions Digest

Chapter No	Chapter Name
Chapter 1	Population Part 1
Chapter 2	Population Part 2
Chapter 3	Human Settlements and Land Use
Chapter 4	Primary Economic Activities
Chapter 5	Secondary Economic Activities
Chapter 6	Tertiary Economic Activities
Chapter 7	Region and Regional Development
Chapter 8	Geography: Nature and Scope